Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T00:27:40.780Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bivalves and gastropods from the Middle Campanian Anacacho Limestone, south central Texas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

William P. Elder
William P. Elder*
Affiliation:
United States Geological Survey, MS 915, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Anacacho Limestone was deposited during the Campanian and represents two depositional intervals, one of early Campanian and one of middle Campanian age. These two intervals correspond to periods of major eustatic sea level rise. This study focuses on the molluscan paleontology of the middle Campanian interval in the eastern part of the Anacacho exposure belt in Medina County, Texas. Molluscan assemblages in this area are indicative of inner to mid-shelf environments. No significant reef components are present. These eastern Anacacho deposits are interpreted to represent more offshore, deeper water environments than those to the southwest, where reef and lagoonal deposits have been reported.

Analysis of the macrofossil components from these eastern localities has expanded the number of invertebrate species known from the Anacacho Limestone by nearly three-fold. This increase in diversity, based on a small amount of new work, suggests that many more taxa are yet to be identified, particularly in the western part of the exposure belt in Uvalde and Kinney Counties. This paper documents the bivalve and gastropod fauna, discussing and illustrating 24 bivalve taxa and 11 gastropod species. Two new bivalve species are named, Panopea anacachoensis new species and Spondylus siccus new species, and two potentially new gastropod species are identified but not named herein due to inadequate material. This paper expands the distribution of many eastern Gulf Coast and Atlantic Coast taxa westward into Texas and shows strong ties between the Anacacho fauna and that of the Campanian Tar Heel and Bladen Formations of the Black Creek Group in North Carolina. The taxonomic ties between these two areas probably reflect the thorough documentation of the North Carolina fauna, which is the best documented Campanian bivalve fauna in the Gulf or Atlantic Coast regions.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 70 , Issue 2 , March 1996 , pp. 247 - 271
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdel-Gawad, G. I. 1986. Maastrichtian non-cephalopod mollusks (Scaphopoda, Gastropoda and Bivalvia) of the Middle Vistula Valley, Central Poland. Acta geologica polonica, 36:69–224.Google Scholar
Adkins, W. S. 1929. Some Upper Cretaceous Taylor ammonites from Texas. University of Texas Bulletin, 2901:203–211.Google Scholar
Adams, H., and Adams, A. 1853. The Genera of Recent Mollusca Arranged According to their Organization, Volume 2. John Van Voorst, London, 661 p.Google Scholar
Arkell, W. J. 1929. A monograph of British Corallian Lamellibranchia. Palaeontographical Society of London Monographs, Part 1, 72 p.Google Scholar
Beyrich, H. E. von. 1845. Protocardia, eine neue Gattung fossiler Muscheln. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie, p. 17–20.Google Scholar
Böhm, J. 1907. Über Inoceramus Cripsi Mant. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gessellschaft, 59:113–114.Google Scholar
Bronn, H. G. 1831. Italiens Tertiär-Gebilde un deren organische Einschlüsse. Vier Abhandlungen. Neue akademische Buchandlung von Karl Groos, Heidelberg, 176 p.Google Scholar
Brown, N. K. 1965. Stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous beds in the vicinity of D'Hanis, Medina County, Texas, p. 23–30. In Spencer, A. B. (ed.), Upper Cretaceous Asphalt Deposits of the Rio Grande Embayment. Corpus Christi Geological Society Guidebook.Google Scholar
Bruguière, J. G. 1797. Histoire naturelle des Vers et des Mollusques. Encyclopédie mæthodique, Paris, Volume 1, 334 p.Google Scholar
Bureau of Economic Geology. 1983. Geologic atlas of Texas, San Antonio Sheet. University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Map scale 1:250,000, 7 p.Google Scholar
Catullo, T. A. 1834. Memoria geognostico-zoologica sopra alcune conchiglie fossili del calcarejurese che si eleva presso il Lago di Santa Croce nel territorio di Belluno. Nuovi saggi della Imperiale regia Accademia di scienze, lettere ed arte in Padova, Volume 4, 20 p.Google Scholar
Clark, W. B. 1893. A Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 97, 207 p.Google Scholar
Cobban, W. A., and Kennedy, W. J. 1993. Middle Campanian ammonites and inoceramids from the Wolfe City Sand in northeastern Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 67:71–82.Google Scholar
Cobban, W. A., and Kennedy, W. J. 1994. Middle Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) ammonites from the Pecan Gap Chalk of central and northeastern Texas, p. D1–D9. In Sando, W. J. (ed.), Shorter Contributions to Paleontology and Stratigraphy 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 2703.Google Scholar
Cobban, W. A., and Kennedy, W. J. In press. Campanian (Late Cretaceous) ammonites from the Anacacho Limestone in south-central Texas. In Sando, W. J. (ed.), Shorter Contributions to Paleontology and Stratigraphy: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1853. Descriptions of new fossil shells of the United States. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Journal, second series, 2:275.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1857. Description of Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils, p. 141–174. In Emory, W. H., Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. United States 34th Congress, 1st session, House of Representatives Executive Document 135, Volume 1.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1858. Observations on a group of Cretaceous fossil shells, found in Tippah County, Mississippi, with descriptions of fifty-six new species. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Journal, second series, 3:323–336.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1860. Descriptions of new species of Cretaceous and Eocene fossils of Mississippi and Alabama. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences Journal, second series, 4:275–298.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1862. Descriptions of new genera, subgenera and species of Tertiary and Recent shells. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Proceedings, p. 284–291.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1865. Observations on American fossils, with descriptions of two new species: Mortonia turgida, Volutilithes lioderma . Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Proceedings, 17:184.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1866. Note on the genus Gadus, with descriptions of some new genera and species of American fossil shells. American Journal of Conchology, 2:77, 105.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1869. Descriptions of new fossil Mollusca, principally Cretaceous. American Journal of Conchology, 5:96–103.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1870. Notes on Recent and fossil shells, with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Conchology, 6(1):71–78.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1875. Descriptions of new genera and species of fossil shells of North Carolina, p. 1–28. In Kerr, W. C., North Carolina Geological Survey Report, Volume 1, appendix A.Google Scholar
Cooke, C. W. 1953. American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 254-A, 44 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cossmann, M. 1901. Essais de Paléoconchologie Comparée. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (private), Livre 4, 293 p.Google Scholar
Cragin, F. W. 1893. A contribution in the invertebrate paleontology of the Texas Cretaceous. Geological Survey of Texas, Annual Report 4, Part 2, p. 141–194.Google Scholar
Cuvier, G. 1797. Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris, 710 p.Google Scholar
Dall, W. H. 1886. XXIX, Report on the Mollusca. Part I. Brachiopoda and Pelecypoda. In Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-1878) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879-1880) by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer “Blake.” Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoolog. Bulletin, 12(6):171–318.Google Scholar
Dall, W. H. 1889. On the hinge of Pelecypods and its development, with an attempt towards better subdivision of the group. American Journal of Science, 38(3):445–462.Google Scholar
Davies, A. M. 1935. Tertiary faunas: a text-book for oilfield palaeontologists and students of geology. Volume 1. The composition of Tertiary faunas. Thomas Murby and Company, London, 406 p.Google Scholar
Dhondt, A. V. 1972. Systematic revision of the Chlamydinae (Pectinidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca) of the European Cretaceous. Part 1. Camptonectes. Bulletin Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 48, Sciences de le Terre, 3, 60 p.Google Scholar
Dhondt, A. V. 1973. Systematic revision of the subfamily Neitheinae (Pectinidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca) of the European Cretaceous. Mémoires Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 176, 101 p.Google Scholar
Dhondt, A. V. 1989. Late Cretaceous Limea (Pseudolimea) species of Europe. Bulletin Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de le Terre, 59:105–125.Google Scholar
Dhondt, A. V. 1993. Upper Cretaceous bivalves from Tercis, Landes, SW France. Bulletin Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de le Terre, 63:211–259.Google Scholar
Dhondt, A. V. and Dieni, I. 1990. Unusual inoceramid-spondylid association from the Cretaceous Scaglia Rossa of Passo del Brocon (Trento, N. Italy) and its palaeoecological significance. Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, Universita di Padova, 42:155–187.Google Scholar
Dhondt, A. V. and Dieni, I. 1990. 1993. Non-rudistid bivalves from Late Cretaceous rudist limestones of NE Italy (Col dei Schiosi and Lago di S. Croce areas). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, Università di Padova, 45:165–241.Google Scholar
Dockery, D. T. 1993. The Streptoneuran gastropods, exclusive of the Stenoglossa, of the Coffee Sand (Campanian) of northeastern Mississippi: Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Geology, Bulletin 129, 191 p.Google Scholar
Douglas, J.A., and Arkell, W. J. 1932. The stratigraphical distribution of the Cornbrash. II. The northeastern area. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 88:112–170.Google Scholar
Drouet, C. 1824. Sur un nouveau genre de coquille de la famille des Arcacées et description d'une nouvelle espèce de Modiole fossile. Mémoires de la Société linnéenne de Paris, 3:183–192.Google Scholar
Elder, W. P. 1994. Some macrofossils from the Cretaceous (Campanian) Anacacho Limestone of Texas. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 94-551, 22 p.Google Scholar
Elder, W. P. and Kirkland, J. I. 1994. Cretaceous paleogeography of the southern Western Interior region, p. 415–440. In Caputo, M. V., Peterson, J. A., and Franczyk, K. J. (eds.), Mesozoic Systems of the Rocky Mountain region, USA. Rocky Mountain Section SEPM, Denver, Colorado.Google Scholar
Étallon, A. 1862. Études paléontologiques sur le Haut-Jura. Mémoires et Comptes Rendus de la Société d'Emulation du département du Doubs, 6:53–260.Google Scholar
Ewing, T. E. 1986. Late Cretaceous igneous rocks of the Uvalde area, southwest Texas. South Texas Geological Society, 1986 Fall Field Trip Guide Book, 34 p.Google Scholar
Ferussac, A. E. de. 1822. Tableaux systématiques des animaux mollusques. Paris, London, 111 p.Google Scholar
Finlay, H. J., and Marwick, J. 1937. The Wangaloan and associated molluscan faunas of Kaitangata-Green Island Subdivision. New Zealand Geological Survey, Paleontology Bulletin 15, 140 p.Google Scholar
Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1835. Sur les fossiles des corps organisés. Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou, 1:27–32.Google Scholar
Fleming, J. 1822. The philosophy of zoology, or a general view of the structure, function, and classifications of animals. Edinburgh, Volume 1, 432 p., Volume 2, 618 p.Google Scholar
Fleming, J. 1828. A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds; together with periodical and occasional visitants. Edinburgh and London, 554 p.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. 1838. Malacologia Monensis. A catalogue of the Mollusca inhabiting the Isle of Man and the neighbouring sea. Edinburgh, 63 p.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. 1845. On the fossils collected by Mr. Lyell from the Cretaceous formations of New Jersey. Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, 1:61–62.Google Scholar
Gabb, W. M. 1860. Descriptions of some new species of Cretaceous fossils. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Journal, series 2, 4:299–305.Google Scholar
Gabb, W. M. 1869. Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils. California Geological Survey, Paleontology, Volume 2, 299 p.Google Scholar
Gabb, W. M. 1877. Notes on American Cretaceous fossils with descriptions of some new species. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Proceedings 1876, 28:276–324.Google Scholar
Gardner, J. A. 1916. Systematic paleontology, Mollusca, p. 371–733. In Clark, W. B. et al., Upper Cretaceous. Maryland Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Garner, L. E., and Young, K. 1976. Environmental geology of the Austin area—an aid to Urban planning. University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations 86, 39 p.Google Scholar
Giebel, C. G. 1852. Allgemeine Palaeontologie: Entwurf einer systematischen Darstellung der Fauna und Flora der Vorwelt. Ambrosius Abel, Leipzig, 413 p.Google Scholar
Giers, R. 1964. Die Grossfauna der Mukronatenkreide (unteres Obercampan) im östlichen Münsterland. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen, 7:213–294.Google Scholar
Goldfuss, A. [1835] 1833-1841. Petrefacta Germaniae. II. Düsseldorf, 312 p.Google Scholar
Gradstein, F. M., Agterberg, F. P., Ogg, J. G., Hardenbol, J., Van Veen, P., Thierry, J., and Huang, Z. 1994. A Mesozoic time scale. Journal of Geophysical Research, series B, 99:24051–24074.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1824. Shells. Supplement to Appendix, Perry's voyage for the discovery of the north-west passage in the years 1819-1820, Appendix 10, Zoology, p. 240–246.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1826. On a recent species of the genus Hinnita of de France, and some observations on the shells of the monomyaires of Lamarck. Annals of Philosophy, new series, 12:103–106.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1847. A list of the genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15:129–219.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1853. On the division of ctenobranchous gasteropodous Mollusca into larger groups and families. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 2, 11:124–133.Google Scholar
Hancock, J. M. 1993. Transatlantic correlations in the Campanian-Maastrichtian stages by eustatic changes in sea-level, p. 241–256. In Hailwood, E. A. and Kidd, R. B. (eds.), High resolution stratigraphy. Geological Society Special Publication, 70.Google Scholar
Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P. R. 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sealevels since the Triassic. Science, 235:1156–1167.Google Scholar
Hazzard, R. T. 1956. Cretaceous rocks south of Tarpley to Del Rio, p. 43–72. In Four provinces field trip, San Angelo Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook, Part 3.Google Scholar
Hill, R. T., and Vaughan, T. W. 1898. Geology of the Edwards Plateau and Rio Grande Plain adjacent to Austin and San Antonio, Texas. U.S. Geological Survey, 18th Annual Report, part 2, p. 199–321.Google Scholar
Kauffman, E. G., Sageman, B. B., Kirkland, J. I., Elder, W. P., Harries, P. J., and Villamil, T. 1993. Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous Western Interior basin, North America, p. 397–434. In Caldwell, W. G. E. and Kauffman, E. G. (eds.), Evolution of the Western Interior basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 39.Google Scholar
Kennedy, W. J., and Cobban, W. A. 1993a. Maastrichtian ammonites from the Corsicana Formation in northeast Texas. Geological Magazine, 130:57–67.Google Scholar
Kennedy, W. J., and Cobban, W. A. 1993b. Lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) ammonites from the Merchantville Formation of New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware. Journal of Paleontology, 67:828–849.Google Scholar
Kniker, H. T. 1918. Comanchean and Cretaceous Pectinidae of Texas. University of Texas Bulletin, 1817, 56 p.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. de. 1799. Prodome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles. Mémoires de la Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 1:63–91.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. de. 1801. Système des animaux sans vertèbres ou tableau général des classes, des ordres, et des genres de ces animaux. Paris, 432 p.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. de. 1806. Sur les fossiles des environs de Paris. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris, 8:155–166.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. de. 1809. Explication des planches relatives aux coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris, 14:374–375.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. de. 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, Classe onzième, Les Conchifères. Paris, 6:1–258.Google Scholar
Leach, W. E. 1819. A list of invertebrate animals, discovered by His Majesty's Ship Isabella, in a voyage to the Arctic regions, p. LXI–LXIV. In John Ross, A voyage of discovery. Appendix II. Zoological memoranda.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, (tenth edition). Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 p.Google Scholar
Longoria, J. F. 1991. Microfacies analysis as a lithocorrelation tool applied to the Austin/Anacacho problem: Surface and subsurface of Bexar County, p. 89–99. In Chuber, S. (ed.), Austin chalk exploration symposium: Geology, geophysics, and formation evaluation. Abstracts and short papers of the South Texas Geological Society, San Antonio, Texas.Google Scholar
Luttrell, P. E. 1977. Carbonate facies distribution and diagenesis associated with volcanic cones: Anacacho Limestone (Upper Cretaceous), Elaine Field, Dimmit County, Texas, p. 260–285. In Bebout, D. G. and Loucks, R. G. (eds.), Cretaceous carbonates of Texas and Mexico. Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Report of Investigations Number 89.Google Scholar
MacLeod, K. G. 1994. Extinction of inoceramid bivalves in Maastrichtian strata of the Bay of Biscay region of France and Spain. Journal of Paleontology, 68:1048–1066.Google Scholar
Malchus, N. 1990. Revision der Kreide-Austern (Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia) Ägyptens (Biostratigraphie, Systematik). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. Reihe A, Band 125, 231 p.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. 1864. Check list of the invertebrate fossils of North America, Cretaceous and Jurassic. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Volume 7, Number 177, 40 p.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. 1876. A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the upper Missouri country. Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, Volume 9, 629 p.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. and Hayden, F. V. 1856. Descriptions of new fossil species of Mollusca collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden, in Nebraska Territory; together with a complete catalogue of all remains of Invertebrata hitherto described and identified from the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of that region. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences Proceedings, 8:265–286.Google Scholar
Menard de la Groye, F. J. B. 1807. Sur un nouveau genre de coquille de la famille de Solénoides (Panopea). Annales du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris, 9:131–139.Google Scholar
Montfort, P. D. 1810. Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. Paris, F. Schoell, Volume 2, 176 p.Google Scholar
Mörch, O. A. L. 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso D'Aguirra & Gadea comes de Yoldi … Fasciculus primus. Cephalophora. Hafniae, 170 p.Google Scholar
Morton, S. G. 1828. Description of the fossil shells which characterize the Atlantic Secondary formation of New Jersey and Delaware; including four new species. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Journal, series 1, 6:72–100.Google Scholar
Morton, S. G. 1833. Synopsis of the organic remains of the ferruginous sand formation of the United States, with geological remarks. American Journal of Science, series 1, 23:288–294.Google Scholar
Morton, S. G. 1834. Synopsis of the organic remains of the Cretaceous group of the United States. Philadelphia, Key and Biddle, 88 p.Google Scholar
Morton, S. G. 1835. Synopsis of the organic remains of the Cretaceous group of the United States, additional observations. Philadelphia, Key and Biddle, 23 p.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D. 1965. Classification of Bivalvia. American Museum Novitates, 2206:1–25.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D. 1969. Family Arcidae Lamark, 1809, p. N250–N256. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N, Mollusca 6. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Nilsson, S. 1827. Petrificata Suecana formationis cretaceae, descripta et iconibus illustrata. Pars Prior, Vertebrata et Mollusca Sistens. Londine Gothorum (Lund.), 39 p.Google Scholar
Obradovich, J. D. 1993. A Cretaceous time scale, p. 379–396. In Caldwell, W. G. E. and Kauffman, E. G. (eds.), Evolution of the Western Interior Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 39.Google Scholar
Pilsbury, H. A. 1922. Revision of W. M. Gabb's Tertiary Mollusca of Santo Domingo. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 73:305–435.Google Scholar
Primoli Silva, I., and Sliter, W. V. 1995. Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends from the Bottaccione section, Gubbio, Italy. Palaeontographia Italica, Raccolta di Monografie Paleontologiche, 82:1–89.Google Scholar
Rafinesque, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisées. Palermo, 224 p.Google Scholar
Rodgers, R. W. 1988. The Anacacho Limestone of southwest Texas. Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide, South-Central Section, p. 441–444.Google Scholar
Roemer, F. 1849. Texas. Bonn, Adolf Marcus, 464 p.Google Scholar
Roemer, F. 1852. Die Kreidebildungen von Texas, und ihre organischen Einschlüsse. Adolph Marcus, Bonn, 100 p.Google Scholar
Say, T. 1820. Observations on some species of zoophytes, shells, & c. principally fossils. American Journal of Science, 2:34–46.Google Scholar
Seitz, O. 1967. Die Inoceramen des Santon und Unter-Campan von Nordwestdeutschland, part 3. Beihefte zum Geologisches Jahrbuch, Volume 75, 171 p.Google Scholar
Serna, F. E. 1979. La fauna de Moluscos del Paleoceno de Colombia. Moluscos de una capa del Paleoceno de Manantial (Guajira). Boletin de Geologia, Bucaramanga (Colombia), 13(27):5–55.Google Scholar
Shumard, B. F. 1861. Descriptions of new Cretaceous fossils from Texas. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8:188–205.Google Scholar
Sohl, N. F. 1960. Archeogastropoda, Mesogastropoda, and stratigraphy of the Ripley, Owl Creek, and Prairie Bluff formations. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 331-A, 151 p.Google Scholar
Sohl, N. F. 1964a. Neogastropoda, Opisthobranchia, and Basommatophora from the Ripley, Owl Creek, and Prairie Bluff formations. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 331-B, p. 152–344.Google Scholar
Sohl, N. F. 1964b. Gastropods from the Coffee Sand (Upper Cretaceous) of Mississippi. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 331-C, p. 345–394.Google Scholar
Sohl, N. F. 1977. Utility of gastropods in biostratigraphy, p. 519–539. In Kauffman, E. G. and Hazel, J. E. (eds.), Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Sohl, N. Martínez, F. R., Salmerón-Urena, P., and Soto-Jaramillo, F. 1991. Upper Cretaceous, p. 205–244. In Salvador, A. (ed.), The Gulf of Mexico Basin. Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume J.Google Scholar
Sohl, N. F. and Owens, J. P. 1990. Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Carolina coastal plain, p. 191–220. In Horton, J. W. Jr. and Zullo, V. A. (eds.), The Geology of the Carolinas. Carolina Geological Society Fiftieth Anniversary Volume.Google Scholar
Sowerby, G. B. 1820-1834. The genera of Recent and fossil shells, for the use of students in conchology and geology. London, Volume 1 and Volume 2.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J. 1812-1815. The mineral conchology of Great Britain, or coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the earth. London, J. Sowerby, Volume 1, pls. 1-102, [1812, pls. 1-9; 1813, pls. 10-44; 1814, pls. 48-78; 1815, pls. 79-102].Google Scholar
Sowerby, J. [1838] 1842-1844. J. Sowerby's Mineral-Conchologie Gross-brittaniens … Deutsch bearbeitet von E. Desor. Durchgesehen und mit Anmerkungen und Berichtigungen versehen von … L. Agassiz. Solothurn, 689 p.Google Scholar
Speden, I. G. 1970. The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 33, 222 p.Google Scholar
Spencer, A. B. 1965. Alkalic igneous rocks of Uvalde County, Texas, p. 13–21. In Spencer, A. B. (ed.), Upper Cretaceous Asphalt Deposits of the Rio Grande Embayment. Corpus Christi Geological Society Guidebook.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1914. Cretaceous deposits of the eastern Gulf region and species of Exogyra from the eastern Gulf region and the Carolinas. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 81, 77 p.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1919. A contribution to the geology of northeastern Texas and southern Oklahoma. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 120, Shorter contributions to general geology, 1918, p. 129–163.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1923. Cretaceous formations of North Carolina. North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, Volume 5, Part 1, 604 p.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1926. The Mesozoic rocks, p. 231–251. In Adams, G. I., Butts, C., Stephenson, L. W., and Cooke, W., Geology of Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama Special Report Number 14.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1934. The genus Diploschiza from the Upper Cretaceous of Alabama and Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 8:273–280.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1937. Stratigraphic relations of the Austin, Taylor, and equivalent formations in Texas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 186-G, p. 133–146.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1941. The larger invertebrate fossils of the Navarro Group of Texas. University of Texas Publication Number 4101, 641 p.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1947. New Upper Cretaceous fossils from Mississippi and Texas. Part 1. Fossils from two deep wells in Mississippi. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 210-E, p. 161–196.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. 1955. Owl Creek (Upper Cretaceous) fossils from Crowleys Ridge, southeastern Missouri. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 274-E, p. 97–140.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W. and Monroe, W. H. 1940. The Upper Cretaceous deposits. Mississippi Geological Survey Bulletin, 40, 296 p.Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B. 1930. Gabb's California Cretaceous and Tertiary type Lamellibranchs. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Special Publication, Number 3, 314 p.Google Scholar
Stoliczka, F. 1870-1871. Cretaceous fauna of southern India. III. The Pelecypoda, with a review of all known genera of this class, fossil and Recent. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Palaeontologia Indica, series 6, Volume 3, 537 p.Google Scholar
Thiele, J. 1925. Fünfter Stamm der Eumetazoa Mollusca—Weichtiere, p. 15–96. In Kükenthal, W. and Krumback, T. (eds.), Handbuch der Zoologie. Volume 5. Lief 1. Berlin, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Thiele, J. 1929-1935. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. Jena, Gustav Fischer, Volume 1, 778 p. [1929, p. 1–376; 1930, p. 377–778].Google Scholar
Thompson, M. E. 1986. Stratigraphy of the Dale Lime and its relation to structure at Bateman Field, Bastrop County, Texas, p. 356–367. In Strapp, W. L. (ed.), Contributions to the Geology of South Texas. South Texas Geological Society, San Antonio, Texas.Google Scholar
Tuomey, M. 1854. Description of some new fossils from the Cretaceous of the southern states. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Proceedings, 7:167–172.Google Scholar
Van Hoepen, E. C. N. 1929. Die Krytfauna van Soeloeland. I. Trigoniidae. Paleontologische Navorsinge nasionaal Museum, 1:1–38.Google Scholar
Vyalov, O. S. 1936. Sur la classification des huǐtres. Doklady Akademia Nauk SSSR, new series, Volume 4(13), Number 1(105), p. 17–20.Google Scholar
Wade, B. 1926. The fauna of the Ripley Formation on Coon Creek, Tennessee. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 137, 272 p.Google Scholar
Watson, H. 1930. On the anatomy and affinities of Plicatula . Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 19:25–30.Google Scholar
Weller, S. 1907. Cretaceous faunas. New Jersey Geological Survey, Paleontology, Volume 4, 1106 p.Google Scholar
Whitfield, R. P. 1877. Preliminary report on the palaeontology of the Black Hills. United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region (Powell), 49 p.Google Scholar
Whitfield, R. P. 1885. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan clays and greensand marls of New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 9, 269 p.Google Scholar
Whitfield, R. P. 1892. Gastropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan clays and greensand marls of New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 18, 402 p.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. H. 1984. Geology of the Anacacho Formation in southwest Texas, p. 60–98. In Wilson, W. F. and Wilson, D. H., Meteor Impact Site, Anacacho Asphalt Deposits. South Texas Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. H. 1986. Paleoenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous Anacacho Formation in southwest Texas, p. 352–355. In Strapp, W. L. (ed.), Contributions to the Geology of South Texas. South Texas Geological Society, San Antonio, Texas.Google Scholar
Wingard, G. L. 1993. A detailed taxonomy of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Crassatellidae in the eastern United States—an example of the nature of extinction at the boundary. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1535, 131 p.Google Scholar
Woods, H. 1909. A monograph of the Cretaceous Lamellibranchia of England. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, London, 2:217–260.Google Scholar
Woodward, S. P. 1851-1856. A manual of the Mollusca: or rudimentary treatise of Recent and fossil shells. John Weale, London, 330 p.Google Scholar
Wrigley, A. 1927. Notes on English Eocene Mollusca with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 17:216–249.Google Scholar
Young, K. 1963. Upper Cretaceous ammonites from the Gulf Coast of the United States. University of Texas Publication, 6304, 373 p.Google Scholar
Young, K. and Woodruff, C. M. Jr. 1985. Austin Chalk in its type area: Stratigraphy and structure. Austin Geological Society, Austin, Texas, Guidebook 7, 88 p.Google Scholar