The sailor will not be kept from the sea, even though empires fall and foreign invaders multiply. Yet we cannot expect to hear much of him in such troubled times. We know, however, that although European ships no longer sailed to India, yet, after the barbarian destruction of the Roman Empire, overseas trade did revive, and the foundations of such famous maritime states as Venice were laid. We know, too, that although the Arabs overran the whole length of the Mediterranean Sea, they were pushed back out of the islands by sea-borne expeditions from Italy and Catalan Spain, while when the Holy Places in Palestine were captured by the Turks (who were not ‘gentlemen’ like the Arabs), there were ships and sailors ready and able to carry crusading armies to the East, and to provision them while they were there.