Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T08:46:32.739Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Performance Bounds for VDES R-mode

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2019

Jan Šafář ,
Alan Grant ,
Paul Williams  and
Nick Ward
Jan Šafář*
Affiliation:
(General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland)
Alan Grant
Affiliation:
(General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland)
Paul Williams
Affiliation:
(General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland)
Nick Ward
Affiliation:
(General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland)
*
(E-mail: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Very High Frequency (VHF) Data Exchange System (VDES) is a new radio communication system being developed by the international maritime community, with the principal objectives to safeguard existing Automatic Identification System (AIS) core functions and enhance maritime communication applications, based on robust, efficient and secure data transmission with wider bandwidth than the AIS. VDES is also being considered as a potential component of the R-mode concept, where the same signals used for communication are also used for ranging, thus mitigating the impact of disruptions to satellite positioning services. This paper establishes statistical performance bounds on the ranging precision of VDES R-mode, assuming an additive white Gaussian noise propagation channel. Modified Cramér-Rao bounds on the pseudorange estimation error are provided for all waveforms currently proposed for use in terrestrial VDES communications. These are then used to estimate the maximum usable ranges for AIS/VDES R-mode stations. The results show that, under the assumed channel conditions, all of the new VDES waveforms provide better ranging performance than the AIS waveform, with the best performance being achieved using the 100 kHz bandwidth terrestrial VDE waveforms.

Keywords

R-modeVHF Data Exchange SystemCramér-Rao Bound
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Navigation , Volume 73 , Issue 1 , January 2020 , pp. 92 - 114
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bronk, K., Mazurowski, M., Rutkowski, D. and Wereszko, B. (2016). Badania Symulacyjne Warstwy Fizycznej Naziemnego Segmentu Systemu VDES (Simulation Studies of the Physical Layer of the VDES Terrestrial Component). Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny i Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne, 2016(6), 467–470.Google Scholar
D'Andrea, A.N., Mengali, U. and Reggiannini, R. (1994). The Modified Cramer-Rao Bound and Its Application to Synchronization Problems. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 42, 1391–1399.Google Scholar
Friis, H.T. (1944). Noise Figures of Radio Receivers. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 32, 419–422.Google Scholar
Gewies, S., Dammann, A., Ziebold, R., Backstedt, J., Bronk, K., Wereszko, B., Rieck, C., Gustafson, P., Eliassen, C., Hoppe, M. and Tycholiz, W. (2018). R-mode Testbed in the Baltic Sea. Proceedings of the 19th IALA Conference, Incheon, Republic of Korea.Google Scholar
Hu, Q., Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, X. and Zhang, S. (2015). Development of an Automatic Identification System Autonomous Positioning System. Sensors, 15, 28574–28591.Google Scholar
IALA. (2018). The Technical Specification of VDES. Guideline No. 1139, Edition 2.0.Google Scholar
IALA. (2012). GNSS Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures. Recommendation No. 129.Google Scholar
IMO. (2015). Performance Standards for Multi-system Shipborne Radionavigation Receivers. Resolution MSC.401(95).Google Scholar
ITU. (2015). Radio Noise. Recommendation ITU-R P.372-12.Google Scholar
ITU. (2014). Technical Characteristics for an Automatic Identification System Using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF Maritime Mobile Frequency Band. Recommendation ITU-R M.1371-5.Google Scholar
ITU. (2013). Method for Point-to-Area Predictions for Terrestrial Services in the Frequency Range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz. Recommendation ITU-R P.1546-5.Google Scholar
ITU. (2006). Prediction of Sea Area A2 and NAVTEX Ranges and Protection of the A2 Global Maritime Distress and Safety System Distress Watch Channel. Recommendation ITU-R M.1467-1.Google Scholar
Johnson, G. and Swaszek, P. (2014a). Feasibility Study of R-Mode Using AIS Transmissions. ACCSEAS Report. Issued May 2014.Google Scholar
Johnson, G. and Swaszek, P. (2014b). Feasibility Study of R-Mode Using AIS Transmissions. ACCSEAS Report. Issued August 2014.Google Scholar
Johnson, G., Swaszek, P., Alberding, J., Hoppe, M. and Oltmann, J. (2014). The Feasibility of R-Mode to Meet Resilient PNT Requirements for e-Navigation. Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of the ION Satellite Division, Tampa, Florida, 3076–3100.Google Scholar
Kay, S.M. (1993). Fundamentals of Statistical Processing, Volume I: Estimation Theory. Prentice Hall PTR.Google Scholar
Mengali, U. and D'Andrea, A.N. (1997). Synchronization Techniques for Digital Receivers. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Middlestead, R.W. (2017). Digital Communications with Emphasis on Data Modems: Theory, Analysis, Design, Simulation, Testing, and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Pinsky, M.A. (2008). Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Wavelets. American Mathematical Society.Google Scholar
Raab, F.H., Asbeck, P., Cripps, S., Kenington, P.B., Popovic, Z.B., Pothecary, N., Sevic, J.F. and Sokal, N.O. (2002). Power Amplifiers and Transmitters for RF and Microwave. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 50, 814–826.Google Scholar
Safar, J. and Grant, A. (2018). R-mode using the VHF Data Exchange System (VDES). Presented at the Royal Institute of Navigation International Navigation Conference 2018, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Skeie, B. and Solberg, B. (2016). External Man-made Radio Noise Measurements. Report No. 16/00869. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment.Google Scholar
Sykora, J. (2003). Teorie Digitalni Komunikace (Digital Communication Theory). Czech Technical University, Prague.Google Scholar
True Heading. (2018). AIS RX PRO Datasheet. http://www.trueheading.se/files/document/products/ais/aisrxpro/AIS%20RX%20PRO_20130913.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wang, X., Zhang, S. and Sun, X. (2017). The Additional Secondary Phase Correction System for AIS Signals. Sensors 17(4), 736.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Zhang, S. and Wang, J. (2017). Pseudorange Measurement Method Based on AIS Signals. Sensors, 17(5), 1183.Google Scholar
Zheng, K., Hu, Q. and Zhang, J. (2016). Positioning Error Analysis of Ranging-Mode Using AIS Signals in China. Journal of Sensors, 2016, Article ID 6928961, 11 pages.Google Scholar