In taking observations of the wind at sea, and in the study of the theory of air-navigation, it is often found difficult to give students a thorough conception of the relative (or apparent) wind. These notes are put forward to help instructors and others interested.

It is recorded that one of England's early Astronomers Royal went sailing on the Thames about 200 years ago, and what he learned that day made an advance in the science of astronomy. The Astronomer Royal was with some professional sailors, who must now be spiritual members of the Institute of Navigation. The learned gentleman was the Reverend Dr. James Bradley, who gave up his vicarage to become a professor of astronomy. The day in question had a wind of force four or five, but it was a steady wind, and the boat was tacking frequently.

At the masthead she wore a pennant, referred to by the doctor as a ‘vane’, and he noticed that it tailed away steadily enough down wind. But every time they went on to the other tack the direction of the pennant altered. The doctor was surprised that the wind should happen to alter every time they put about, but on mentioning this to the sailors he was told that the pennant only showed the direction of the relative wind, depending upon the direction and force of the true wind and the direction and speed of the boat, and their resultant changed every time they went about.