Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T22:54:00.207Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Helmsman as a Man–Machine Element

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2009

R. Sutton  and
D. R. Towill
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this paper the role of the helmsman in terms of man–machine systems theory, such as is frequently used in aerospace work is considered and the literature of the subject surveyed in so far as it relates to the control of seagoing vessels. Lieutenant-Commander Sutton is in the Control Engineering Department at the Royal Naval Engineering College, Plymouth, and Professor Towill is head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UWIST, Cardiff.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Navigation , Volume 39 , Issue 1 , January 1986 , pp. 49 - 65
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Barnaby, K. C. (1968). Some Ship Disasters and Their Causes. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
2 National Academy of Sciences. (1976). Human Error in Merchant Marine Safety. Maritime Transportation Research Board Washington, DC, June.Google Scholar
3 National Transportation Safety Board. (1981). Major Marine Collisions and Effects of Preventive Recommendations: Special Report, NTSB-MSS-81–1, Washington, DC, September.Google Scholar
4Van Amerongen, J. (1980). Digital model reference adaptive control with applications to ship's steering. Proc. 6th IFAC-IFIP Conference on Digital Computer Applications to Process Control, Dusseldorf, October.Google Scholar
5Mort, N. and Linkens, D. A. (1980). Self-tuning controllers for surface ship course track-keeping. Proc. Symposium on Ship Steering Automatic Control, Genoa, June.Google Scholar
6Zuidweg, J. K. (1981). Optimal and suboptimal feedforward in automatic track-keeping systems. Proc. 6th Ship Control Systems Symposium, Ottawa, October.Google Scholar
7Cahill, R. A. (1983). Collisions and their causes. London: Fairplay.Google Scholar
8Young, L. R. (1969). On adaptive manual control. Ergonomics, 12, no. 4, July.Google Scholar
9Hackett, E. A. (1983). Application of a set of learning curve models to repetitive tasks. Radio and Electronic Engineer, 53, no. 1, January.Google Scholar
10Towill, D. R. (1973). A transfer function approach to human operator skill development. Proc. 5th 1FAC Symposium on Automatic Control in Space, Genoa, June.Google Scholar
11Nomoto, K. (1977). Some aspects of simulator studies on ship handling. PRADS-International Symposium on Practical Design in Shipbuilding, Tokyo, October.Google Scholar
12Krendel, E. S. and McRuer, D. T. (1960). Servomechanism approach to skill development. J. Franklin Institute, 269, 24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Sutton, R.Cherrington, J. E. and Towill, D. R. (1983). Industrial applications of man—machine systems theory. Proc ICPR: VIIth International Conference on Production Research Windsor, Ontario, August.Google Scholar
14Arnott, D. R. and Govindaraj, T. (1980). Does man always close the loop in trying to pilot a large ship? Proc. 16th Annual Conference on Manual Control, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, may.Google Scholar
15Magdaleno, R. E.Jex, H. R. and Johnson, W. A. (1969). Tracking quasi-predictable displays. Proc. 5th Annual Conference on Manual Control.Google Scholar
16Smith, R. L. and Kennedy, R. S. (1975). Predictor Displays: History, Research and Applications. Dunlap and Associates, California, June.Google Scholar
17Rouse, W. B. (1973). A model of the human in a cognitive prediction task. IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern, SMC-3, no. 5, September.Google Scholar
18Elkind, J. I. (1956). Characteristics of simple manual control systems. MIT, Lincoln Lab, Tech. Report 11, April.Google Scholar
19Eddy, P., Potter, E. and Page, B. (1976). Destination Disaster. London: Hart-Davis MacGibbon.Google Scholar
20Young, L. R., Green, D. M., Elkind, J. I. and Kelly, J. A. (1964). The Adaptive Dynamic Response Characteristics of the Human Operator in Simple Manual Control. NASA TN-D2255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21 National Transportation Safety Board. (1974). SS African Neptune collision with Sidney Lanier Bridge, Brunswick, Georgia, November 7, 1972. USCG/NTSB-MAR-74–4.Google Scholar
22Barley, S. (1975). Aircrash Detective. London: Coronet Books.Google Scholar
23Elkind, J. I., Kelly, J. A. and Payne, R. A. (1964). Adaptive characteristics of the human operator in systems having complex dynamics. Proc. 5th National Symposium on Human Factors in Electronics, San Diego, May.Google Scholar
24Clarke, E., Gedling, P. and Hine, G. (1982). The Application of Manoeuvring Criteria in Hull Design using Linear Theory. The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Spring Meetings.Google Scholar
25Riek, J.Williams, K. E. and D’Amico, A. (1982). Human Performance on Ships during Turning Manoeuvres, CAORF-46-8001-01, January.Google Scholar
26Shooman, M. L. (1980). Models of Helmsman and Pilot Behaviour for Manoeuvring Ships. CAORF-40–7901-02, March.Google Scholar
27Veldhuyzen, W. and Stassen, H. G. (1977). The internal model concept: an application to modelling human control of large ships. Human Factors 19, (4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Koyama, R.Kose, K. and Hasegawa, K. (1978). A study on the instability criterion of the manual steering of ships, Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, vol. 16. Society of Naval Architects, Japan.Google Scholar
29Mort, N. and Leonard, C. H. (1982). Modelling the helmsman in a ship system. Proc. 4th International Symposium on Ship Automation, Genoa, September.Google Scholar
30Weir, D. H. and Phatak, A. V. (1966). Model of human operator response to step transitions in controlled element dynamics. MIT-NASA Working Conference on Manual Control, Cambridge, Mass. (March).Google Scholar
31Young, L. R. and Meiry, J. L. (1965). Bang-bang aspects of manual control in high order systems. IEEE Trans Automatic Control, AC-10, July.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32Schuffel, H. (1977). Evaluation of bridge lay-out by means of a mock-up. Proc. 1st International Conference on Human Factors in the Design and Operation of Ships, Gothenburg February.Google Scholar
33Wagenaar, W. A.Paymans, P. J.Brummer, G. M. A.Van Wiyk., W. R. and Glansdorp, C. C. (1972). Auxiliary equipment as a compensation for the effect of course instability on the performance of helmsmen. Netherlands Ship Research Centre TNO, Delft, September.Google Scholar
34Van Berlekom, W. B. (1977). Simulator Investigations of Predictor Steering Systems for Ships. The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Spring Meetings.Google Scholar
35Kraiss, K. F. (1981). A display design and evaluation study using task network models. IEEE Trans. Syst., Man., Cybern. SMC-11, No. 5 May.Google Scholar
36Young, L. R. and Stark, L. (1965). Biological control systems: a critical review and evaluation. NASA CR-190.Google Scholar
37Sheridan, T. B. and Ferrell, W. R. (1974). Man—machine systems: Information, Control and Decision Models of Human Performance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT.Google Scholar
38Sutton, R. (1983). Valid human operator control models for closed loop design. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, 197 B (November).Google Scholar
39Govindaraj, T. and Arnott, D. R. (1981). Manoeuvring a large ship: comparison of a control theoretic model of the pilot and a real time simulation. Proc. Joint Automatic Control Conference, Charlottesville, Virginia (June).Google Scholar
40Cooke, J. E. (1965). Human decision in the control of a slow response system. D. Phil. thesis, Oxford University.Google Scholar
41Wieren, R. D. (1969). An evaluation of a pilot model based on Kalman filtering and optimal control. IEEE Trans, on Man-Machine Systems, MMS-10, No. 4 December.Google Scholar
42Kleinman, D. L.Baron, S. and Levison, W. H. (1971). A control theoretic approach to manned-vehicle systems analysis. IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, AC-16, No. 6 December.Google Scholar
43McRuer, D. T. and Jex, H. R. (1967). A review of quasi-linear pilot models. IEEE Trans. Human Factors in Electronics, HFE-8, No. 3 September.Google Scholar
44Mort, N. and Young, S. S. (1982). Modelling the helmsman steering a ship using the GMDH identification algorithm. ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Phoenix.Google Scholar
45Ivakhnenko, A. G. (1971). Polynomial theory of complex systems. IEEE Trans. Syst., Man., Cybern. SMC-1 October.Google Scholar
46McCallum, I. R. (1981). Simulation techniques for harbour design and operation. Dock and Harbour Authority, 62, 729 August.Google Scholar
47Stassen, H. G. (1976). Man as a Controller. In Introduction to Human Engineering (ed. Kraiss, K. F. & Moraal, J.) Cologne: TUV Rheinland.Google Scholar