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⁵² Morris, loc. cit. p. 12. Also, there are certain questions that need to be raised about the effects of the patronising exoticism, excessive commercialism, and ungrounded idealism that frame Africa's image in America. Ideas about Africa are usually bound up in such cultural icons as music, clothes, and names, and rarely go beyond such relatively superficial levels to discuss the deeper meanings and values of another culture, such as philosophy, authority, or conceptions of self and community. Current American multiculturalism is much more about consumption than understanding.

⁵³ The Congressional Black Caucus led calls during 1994 for military intervention to implant democracy by force in Haiti.

⁵⁴ Clough, op. cit. p. 35, raises a further question: ‘Implicitly, the argument that African- Americans have a greater claim on policy toward Africa than other people suggests that they have a lesser claim on policy toward other parts of the world.’

⁵⁵ Ibid. p. 38.

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⁷² There are very definite limits as to how far political legitimacy can be correlated to economic performance since other factors such as ethnicity, patron–client relationships, or nationalism can be more relevant.

⁷³ Quoted in Cingranelli, op. cit. p. 8.

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⁸¹ In ‘The Seedlings of Hope’, US State Department, Washington, DC, June 1989, the US Ambassador to South Africa, Edward J. Perkins, spoke of US goals in promoting democracy, pluralism, and the free market, and in the next paragraph of ‘respect for African aspirations’.

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⁹⁹ Young, loc. cit. pp. 300–1.

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