^{Page 495 note 1} Sachs, Ignacy, ‘Cultivating the Cities’, in Development Forum (New York), 02–03 1985, p. 5.Google Scholar

^{Page 495 note 2} It is not anticipated that the cultivation of crops for export or industrial processing will be appropriate within towns and cities, although these may be a feature in peri-urban areas. Livestock raised in urban areas are not considered here.

^{Page 495 note 3} Winters, Christopher, ‘The Classification of Traditional African Cities’, in the Journal of Urban History (Beverly Hills), I, 1983, pp. 3–31.Google Scholar

^{Page 495 note 4} Bank, World, Recognising the ‘Invisible’ Woman in Development: the World Bank's experience (Washington, D.C., 1979), pp. 9–10.Google Scholar

^{Page 495 note 5} Stren, Richard, with Letemendia, Claire, Coping with Rapid Urban Growth in Africa: an annotated bibliography (Montreal, 1986), p. vi, McGill University, Centre for Developing-Area Studies.Google Scholar

^{Page 496 note 1} See also Mazambani, D., ‘Peri-Urban Cultivation within Greater Harare’, in The Zimbabwe Science News (Harare), 16, 6, 1982, pp. 134–8,Google Scholar and Guyer, Jane I. (ed.), Feeding African Cities: studies in regional social history (Manchester, 1987).Google Scholar

^{Page 496 note 2} Beneria, Lourdes, ‘Conceptualising the Labour Force: the underestimation of women's economic activities’, in Journal of Development Studies (London), 17, 3, 1981, pp. 10–28;Google ScholarMoser, C. O., ‘Informal Sector or Petty Commodity Production: dualism or dependence in urban development?’, in World Development (Oxford), 6, 9–10, 1978, pp. 1041–64;Google Scholar and Scott, A. M., ‘Who Are the Self-Employed?’, in Bromley, Ray (ed.), The Urban Informal Sector: critical perspectives (Oxford, 1979), pp. 105–29.Google Scholar

^{Page 496 note 3} Molyneux, Maxìne, ‘Beyond the Domestic Labour Debate’, in New Left Review (London), 116, 1979, pp. 3–28;Google ScholarHeyzer, Noeleen, Women, Subsistence and the Informal Sector: towards a framework of analysis (Brighton, 1981), Institute of Development Studies D.P. 163;Google Scholar and Redclift, Nanneke, ‘The Contested Domain: gender accumulation and the labour process’, in Redclift, and Mingione, Enzio (eds.), Beyond Employment: household, gender and subsistence (London, 1985), pp. 92–125.Google Scholar

^{Page 496 note 4} Heyzer, op. cit.; Beneria loc. cit.; Bujra, J. M., ‘“Urging Women to Redouble their Efforts…”: class, gender and capitalist transformation in Africa’, in Robertson, Claire and Berger, Iris (eds.), Women and Class in Africa (New York, 1986);Google Scholar and Ward, K. B., ‘Women and Urbanisation in the World System’, in Timberlake, Michael (ed.), Urbanisation in the World Economy (Orlando, Florida, 1985), pp. 305–23.Google Scholar More is now known of the income-earning activities of urban women from studies such as those of Nelson, Nici, ‘How Women and Men Get By: the sexual division of labour in the informal sector of a Nairobi squatter settlement’, in Bromley, Ray and Gerry, Chris (eds.), Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities (Chichester, 1979), pp. 283–302;Google ScholarGreenstreet, Miranda, ‘When Education is Unequal’, in Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies (Brighton), 12, 3, 1981, pp. 14–18;Google Scholar and Obbo, Christine, African Women: their struggle for economic independence (London, 1980).Google Scholar

^{Page 497 note 1} Elson, Diane, ‘The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Women: concepts and issues’, the Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers for Women's Affairs, Harare, August 1987, and the Conference of the Development Studies Association, Manchester, September 1987.Google Scholar

^{Page 497 note 2} Buvinić, Mayra, ‘Women's Issues in Third World Poverty: a policy analysis’, in Buvinić, , Lycette, M. A., and McGreevey, W. P. (eds.), Women and Poverty in the Third World (Baltimore, 1983), pp. 14–31;Google Scholar and United Nations, Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth (New York, 1980), Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Population Studies No. 68.Google Scholar

^{Page 497 note 3} Beneria, op. cit.; Redclift, loc. cit.; Ward, loc. cit.; Heyzer, op. cit.; and Deere, C. D., Humphries, J., and Léon de Leal, M., ‘Class and Historical Analysis for the Study of Women and Economic Change’, in Anker, Richard, Buvinić, Mayra, and Youssef, N. H. (eds.), Women's Roles and Population Trends in the Third World (London, 1982), pp. 87–114.Google Scholar See Linden, Jan van der, The Sites and Services Approach Reviewed (Aldershot, 1986), ch. III, for a discussion of an interesting parallel in the introduction of allotment gardens in Europe and a similar inconclusive theoretical debate to which this gave rise.Google Scholar

^{Page 498 note 1} It has become an increasingly important focus in research on rural women, alongside the recognition of women's productive rôle in agriculture. See, for example, Rogers, Barbara, The Domestication of Women: discrimination in developing societies (London, 1980).Google Scholar

^{Page 498 note 2} It is not mentioned, for example, by Obbo, op. cit. in a chapter on women's survival strategies in Kampala. In fact, she presents cultivation as something from which women inmigrants are trying to escape, which is not immediately reconcilable with Stren's observations, loc. cit. on gardening in the same city.

^{Page 499 note 1} Yeung, Yue-man, ‘Urban Agriculture: three cities in Asia’, in UNUWorkin Progress (Tokyo), 10, 1, 1986, documents attempts being made to increase the urban production of food in Papua New Guinea and the Philippines, where land for allotment gardens has been provided: in Lae, this is accompanied by programmes to create compost from local solid waste for use in agriculture, technical assistance being provided by horticultural and agro-forestry staff to combat soil erosion; and in Manila, in addition to permanent areas for cultivation, landowners are required to make temporarily vacant land available.Google Scholar

^{Page 499 note 2} Miles, Simon, ‘Ecodevelopment’, in White, Rodney and Burton, Ian (eds.), Approaches to the Study of the Environmental Implications of Contemporary Urbanisation (Geneva, 1983),Google ScholarUnesco, , Man and the Biosphere Technical Notes 14, pp. 27–35;Google ScholarMuller, M. S. with Vos, Machteld, Women and Habitat in the Third World: the urban and rural situation (Amsterdam, Netherlands Womens Council, 1985);Google ScholarLee-Smith, Diana, ‘Women and Habitat at Forum 85’, in Settlements Information Network Africa Newsletter (Nairobi), 9, 1985, pp. 5–10;Google Scholar and Hosken, Fran, ‘Women, Urbanisation and Shelter’, in Development Forum, May 1987, pp. 8–9.Google Scholar

^{Page 500 note 1} Lycette, M. A. and Jaramillo, Cecilia, Low-Income Housing: a women's perspective (Washington, D.C., 1984), International Centre for Research on Women, for the Office of Women in Development, U.S. Agency for International Development; and Lee-Smith, loc. cit.Google Scholar

^{Page 500 note 2} Chauncey, George, ‘The Locus of Reproduction: women's labour in the Zambian Copperbelt, 1927–1953’, in Journal of Southern African Studies (Oxford), 7, 2, 1981, pp. 135–64;Google Scholar and also Parpart, J. L., ‘Gender and Class Struggles on the Zambian Copperbelt’,Google Scholar in ibid. 13, 1, 1986, pp.36–56.

^{Page 501 note 1} Office of the President, National Commission for Development Planning, Economic Report, 1979 (Lusaka, 1980), p. 28.Google Scholar

^{Page 501 note 2} Central Statistical Office, 1980 Population and Housing Census of Zambia. Analytical Report, Vol. II,Google ScholarDemographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Zambia Population (Lusaka, 1985), p. 195.Google Scholar

^{Page 501 note 3} Dave Todd and Christopher Shaw, ‘Education, Employment and the Informal Sector in Zambia’, University of Zambia, Institute for African Studies, Urban Community Research Unit Report No. 2, n.d.

^{Page 501 note 4} Bardouille, Raj, ‘The Sexual Division of Labour in the Urban Informal Sector: a case study of Lusaka’, in Worldring, Klaas, with Chibwe Chibaye (eds.), Beyond Political Independence: Zambia's development predicament in the 1980s (Berlin, New York, and Amsterdam, 1984), pp. 161–82.Google Scholar

^{Page 501 note 5} Jules-Rosette, Bennetta, Symbols of Change: urban transition in a Zambian community (Norwood, N.J., 1981).Google Scholar

^{Page 502 note 1} Schuster, Ilsa, ‘Marginal Lives: conflict and contradiction in the position of female traders in Lusaka, Zambia’, in Bay, Edna G. (ed.), Women and Work in Africa (Boulder, 1982), pp. 105–26.Google Scholar

^{Page 502 note 2} Chauncey, loc. cit.; and Leo M. van den Berg, ‘Anticipating Urban Growth in Africa: land use and land values in the urban fringe of Lusaka, Zambia’, Lusaka, Zambia Geographical Association, Occasional Study No. 13, 1984.

^{Page 502 note 3} The legislative basis for maize slashing dates from 1944. A survey of I, 603 maize plants in a number of locations in and around Lusaka was carried out by a community health specialist and the government entomologist during the 1978 rainy season and found no mosquito larvae in any of the plants. The researchers concluded that ‘There seems to be no reason associated with malaria control that the practice of slashing maize should be continued’; Watts, Theresa and Bransby-Williams, W. R., ‘Do Mosquitoes Breed in Maize Plants Axils?’, in Medical Journal of Zambia (Lusaka), 12, 4, 1978, pp. 101–2.Google Scholar

^{Page 503 note 1} Ministry of Local Government and Housing, Low Cost Residential Development in Lusaka (Lusaka, 1972).Google Scholar

^{Page 503 note 2} World Bank, ‘Zambia, Lusaka Squatter Upgrading and Site Services Project, Appraisal Report’, Washington, D.C., Report No. 420–ZA.

^{Page 503 note 3} Surveys were carried out in Chawama in 1974 by the Development Planning Unit, University College London, reported in Muller, M. S., ‘Chawama — To Make A Good Place Better: the socio-economic history of a squatter settlement in Lusaka, Zambia’, Working Paper No. 8, 1979; in 1977 by the American Friends Service Committee, reported in R. J. Ledogar and Eleanor Lungu, ‘A Nutrition Survey of 60 Households in Chawama Complex, Lusaka, April 1977’, partially drafted in 1978; and in 1978 by the Lusaka Housing Project Evaluation Team, ‘Household Survey of Chawama, 1978’, the results of which have not been previously published. In Chawama, overspill I was occupied during the first stage of resettlement, when households affected by the construction of roads, schools, etcetera, were offered the opportunity to build new houses between the existing settlements of Chawama and John Howard to the south of the city centre, while overspill 2 was occupied later, mainly by the tenants or owners of houses in the highest density parts of the existing settlements. Surveys were carried out in George in 1972 by the Department of Town and Country Planning, reported in Carole Rakodi, ‘George 1976: initial results of the first primary sample survey’,Google ScholarTeam, L.H.P.E., Working Paper No. 4, 1977; in 1969, 1973, 1977, and 1980 byGoogle ScholarSchlyter, Ann and Schlyter, Thomas, reported in their George: the development of a squatter settlement in Lusaka, Zambia (Gävle, National Swedish Institute for Building Research, 1979),Google Scholar and in Schlyter, A., ‘Upgraded George Revisited’, in C. Rakodi and A. Schlyter, Upgrading in Lusaka: participation and physical changes (Gävle, 1981), pp. 7–54; in 1976 and 1977 by the L.H.P.E. Team, reported inGoogle ScholarRakodi, , 1977, op. cit.; and in 1978 by the L.H.P.E.Team, reported in R.E. Singini, ‘George 1978. First Results of the George Longitudinal Survey’, Working Paper No. 21, 1979.Google Scholar

^{Page 504 note 1} Surveys were carried out in Kalingalinga in 1979 by students from the University of Zambia: Bowa, Mulenga, Kaluba, Henry, Hamuka, Angela, Kapungwe, Augustus, and Mwaba, Sidney, reported in their ‘Gardening in the City’, Lusaka, Student Project, 1979; and in the squatter area of Kalingalinga, as well as an upgraded area (John Howard), two sites-and-service schemes (Mutendere and Matero), and an official low-cost housing area (Chilenje South), making a total of 250 households, byGoogle ScholarSanyal, Bish in 1980 – see his ‘Urban Agriculture: a strategy for survival in Zambia’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 504 note 2} Sources:^aMuller, , 1979, op. cit. p. 36; ^b Lusaka Housing Project Evaluation Team, 1978, op. cit.; ^c Rakodi, 1977, op. cit. p. 70; ^d Singini, 1979, op. cit. p. 6; ^e Sanyal, 1984, op. cit. p. 42.Google Scholar

^{Page 505 note 1} Sanyal, op. cit.

^{Page 505 note 2} Ledogar and Lungu, op. cit.; Schlyter and Schlyter, op. cit. p. 106; and Sanyal, op. cit. p. 82.

^{Page 505 note 3} Ann Schlyter, 1981, op. cit.

^{Page 506 note 1} Sanyal, op. cit. p. 94

^{Page 506 note 2} Bowa et al. op. cit.

^{Page 506 note 3} Schlyter and Schyter, op. cit. p. 106; and Ann Schlyter, 1981, op. cit. p. 39.

^{Page 507 note 1} Ann Schlyter, 1981, op. cit. p. 39.

^{Page 507 note 2} Jaeger, Dirk and Huckaby, J. D., ‘The Garden of Lusaka: urban agriculture’, in Williams, G. J. (ed.), Lusaka and its Environs (Lusaka, 1986), Zambia Geographical Association, Handbook Series No. 9, pp. 267–77.Google Scholar

^{Page 507 note 3} Sanyal, op. cit.

^{Page 508 note 1} Rakodi, Carole, ‘Upgrading in Chawama, Lusaka: displacement or differentiation?’, in Urban Studies (Harlow), 25, 4, 1988, pp. 297–318.Google Scholar

^{Page 508 note 2} Source: unpublished survey by the Lusaka Housing Project Evaluation Team, 1978.

^{Page 509 note 1} Sanyal, op. cit. p. 53.

^{Page 509 note 2} Ibid.

^{Page 509 note 3} Bowa et al. op. cit. p. 5.

^{Page 510 note 1} Chauncey, loc. cit.; and Muntemba, M. S., ‘Women and Agricultural Change in the Railway Region of Zambia: dispossession and counterstrategies, 1930–1970’, in Bay (ed.), op. cit. pp. 83–103.Google Scholar

^{Page 510 note 2} Sanyal, op. cit.; see also Bowa et al. op. cit. on Kalingalinga.

^{Page 510 note 3} Ledogar and Lungu, op. cit.

^{Page 511 note 1} Jaeger and Huckaby, loc. cit.

^{Page 512 note 1} Van den Berg, op. cit. p. 112.

^{Page 512 note 2} Jaeger and Huckaby, loc. cit.

^{Page 512 note 3} Bowa et al. op. cit.

^{Page 512 note 4} Ibid. and Sanyal, op. cit.

^{Page 513 note 1} Sanyal, op. cit. p. 76.

^{Page 514 note 1} Kaunda, Kenneth, Humanism in Zambia: a guide to its implementation. Part I (Lusaka, 1967), pt. VI; Office of the President, National Commission for Development Planning, Zambia,Google ScholarThird National Development Plan, 1978–1983 (Lusaka, 1979), pp. 169 and 384;Google Scholar and International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Towards Sustainable Development: a national conservation strategy for Zambia (Gland, 1984).Google Scholar