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United States Foreign Policy in Southern Africa: Third-World Perspectives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Davidson Nicol
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Extract

The past decade has seen an increase in the scope of relationships, both political and economic, between Africa and the United States. These vary with the complexion of the government in power, though some would say that this was more in emphasis than in substance, others definitely not. It is felt by many Africans, nevertheless, that the Carter Administration's emphasis on human rights has now been downgraded by the present Reagan Administration and that, instead, the geopolitics of U.S.–U.S.S.R. rivalry, and the economic importance of developing the private sector at the expense of bilateral or multilateral aid, have been moved to the fore.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , December 1983 , pp. 587 - 603
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

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References

page 587 note 1 For an analysis of the African diplomacy of the Carter Administration, see Nicol, Davidson, ‘Africa and the U.S.A. in the United Nations’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 16, 3, 09 1978, pp. 365–95,Google Scholar and Young, Andrew, ‘The United States and Africa: victory for diplomacy’, in Foreign Affairs: America and the World, 1980 (New York), 59, 3, 1980, pp. 648–66.Google Scholar The rationale for the Reagan Administration's policy towards Southern Africa was outlined by the future Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Chester A. Crocker, ‘South Africa: strategy for change’, in Ibid. 59, 2, Winter 1980–1981, pp. 323–51, and updated in ‘Reagan Administration's Africa Policy: a progress report’, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Washington, D.C., November 1983. Cf. Gann, L.H. and Duignan, Peter, Africa South of the Sahara: the challenge to western security (Stanford, 1981);Google Scholar also Rothchild, Donald and Ravenhill, John, ‘From Carter to Reagan: the global perspective on Africa becomes ascendant’, in Oye, Kenneth A., Lieber, Robert J., and Donald, Rothchild (eds.), Eagle Defiant – US Foreign Policy in the 1980's (Boston, 1983), pp. 337–65.Google Scholar

page 591 note 1 de St. Jorre, John, ‘Africa: crisis of confidence’, in Foreign Affairs, 61, 1982, pp. 684–6.Google Scholar

page 591 note 2 See ‘Further Report of the Secretary-General to the Security-Council’, 1983, New York, S/15943. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 435 on Namibia does not mention the withdrawal of Cuban troops.

page 593 note 1 At a conference organised in Harare during January 1983 by the African-American Institute of New York, several African leaders were forceful in their denunciation of the U.S. Administration on this question – see ‘American Policy in Africa – Conference Report’, A.A.I., New York, 1983.

page 594 note 1 See, for example, the New York Times, 24 June 1983, for a comprehensive and forceful statement by L.S. Eagleburger, U.S. Under-Secretary of State; although apartheid should be scrapped, since South Africa's political system is morally wrong, the United States should make sure that change is peaceful.

page 597 note 1 Foreign Policy Study Foundation, South Africa: time running out (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1981), not yet commented upon by the U.S. Government.Google Scholar

page 597 note 2 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, ‘Dictatorships and Double Standards’, in Commentary (New York), 68, 5, 10 1974, pp. 34–45.Google Scholar

page 599 note 1 Simon, B., ‘At a Crossroad in South Africa’, in the New York Times, 6 11 1983.Google Scholar

page 601 note 1 Nicol, Davidson, ‘The United States and Africa: time for a new appraisal’, in African Affairs (London), 82, 327, 1983, pp. 159–67.Google Scholar

page 603 note 1 The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful comments of DrAndemicael, Berhanykun, author of the pioneering work entitled The OAU and the U N: relations between the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations (New York, 1976), as well as of subsequent studies which have provided a useful framework for analysing policy options for bringing about peaceful change in Africa.Google Scholar