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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 November 2008
Nigeria has for long had an open economy exporting mainly primary commodities to industrial countries and importing their manufactured products. Exports are the main source of the foreign exchange needed to purchase the machinery and capital equipment that are indispensable for the growth of the economy, while the bulk of government revenue is derived from the taxation of imports and exports. There is little doubt that the dynamism and growth of the Nigerian economy will continue to depend largely on international trade – hence the vigorous pursuit of policies aimed at expanding traditional and opening-up new trade links. In this article, we shall look closely at the changing relationship with Japan, a country whose survival depends on international trade as much as Nigeria.
page 127 note 1 Federal Ministry of Trade, Nigeria Trade Journal (Lagos), XI, I, 1963, p. 20.Google Scholar
page 127 note 2 Federal Office of Statistics, Digest of Statistics (Lagos), 04 1951, p. 21.Google Scholar
page 127 note 3 Nigeria Trade Journal, V, I, 1957, p. 14.
page 127 note 4 Department of Commerce and Industries, Annual Report, 1944–50 (Lagos), para. 33.Google Scholar
page 127 note 5 Nigeria Trade Journal, VI, 2, 1958, p. 67.
page 128 note 1 Department of Commerce and Industries, Annual Report, 1950–51, para. 30.
page 128 note 2 Ibid.1948, para. 11.
page 128 note 3 The first three positions were occupied by the U.K., West Germany, and the U.S.A., with shares of 23·2, 15·3, and 22·3 per cent, respectively. Federal Office of Statistics, Review of External Trade, Nigeria, 1974 (Lagos), table 14.Google Scholar
page 128 note 4 In 1974, for example, the proportion of Nigerian exports destined for the U.S.A., the U.K., the Netherlands, France, and West Germany was 27·4, 16·9, 13·7, 10·1 and 7·2 per cent, respectively. Ibid.
page 128 note 5 Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report, 1965 (Lagos), p. 9.Google Scholar
page 128 note 6 In 1973, for example, raw materials alone accounted for 67·2 per cent of Japan's total import bill. Anglo-Japanese Economic Institute, Japan: Quarterly Bulletin (London), 50, 05 1974, p. 20.Google Scholar
page 129 note 1 Nigeria Trade Journal, V, 1, 1957, p. 54.
page 129 note 2 Federal Office of Statistics, Annual Abstract of Statistics, Nigeria, 1972 (Lagos), table 8. 18.Google Scholar
page 129 note 3 By 1973 heavy industrial and chemical goods accounted for 79·4 per cent of total Japanese exports. Japan: Quarterly Bulletin, 50, May 1974, p. 21.
page 129 note 4 Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report, 1965, p. 24.
page 129 note 5 Arthur D. Little Inc., ‘Patterns of Industrial Development in Nigeria’, Lagos, 06 1966, p. 3, mimeographed.Google Scholar
page 129 note 6 Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report, 1970, p. 33.
page 129 note 7 Annual Abstract of Statistics, Nigeria, 1970, and 1972.
page 129 note 8 Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report, 1965, p. 9.
page 130 note 1 Federal Office of Statistics, Nigeria Trade Summary, 1973 (Lagos), p. 247.Google Scholar
page 130 note 2 Annual Abstract of Statistics, Nigeria, 1969, p. 25, and 1972, p. 80.
page 130 note 3 Central Bank of Nigeria, Economic and Financial Review (Lagos), IV, I, 1966, p. 9.Google Scholar
page 130 note 4 The Anglo-Japanese Economic Institute, Japan and Africa (London), 02 1971 p.8.Google Scholar
page 131 note 1 Nigeria Trade Journal, V, I, 1957, p. 35.
page 131 note 2 The Nigerian Review (London), March 1969, p. 23.
page 131 note 3 Statement by the Federal Minister of Trade and Industries to Parliament during the 1955/56 Budget Session. Reported in Nigeria Trade Journal, III, 2, 1955, p. 59.
page 131 note 4 Ibid. V, I, 1957, p. 34.
page 131 note 5 Ibid. p. 15.
page 132 note 1 Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report, 1965, p. 11.
page 132 note 2 Nigeria Trade Journal, XI, 3, 1963, p. 108.
page 132 note 3 Ibid. p. 188. See also Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report, 1963, p. 15, and 1965, p. 9.
page 132 note 4 As a war-time measure, the importation of goods into Nigeria from all sources was subject to specific licence in 1968. Nigeria Trade Journal, XVI, I, 1968, p. 46.
page 132 note 5 The Petroleum Economist (London), XLII, I, 1975, p. 10.
page 132 note 6 African Development (London), June 1975, p. j.9.
page 132 note 7 Ibid.
page 132 note 8 Central Bank of Nigeria, Economic and Financial Review, II, 2, 1964, p. 81.Google Scholar
page 132 note 9 Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report, 1966, p. 10, and Japan and Africa, 97, 1974, p. 1.
page 133 note 1 In 1963 Japanese total economic assistance to developing countries amounted to $267·4 million, as compared with $620·7 million, $720·8 million, $1,242·0 million, and $4,518·6 million for West Germany, Britain, France, and U.S.A., respectively. O.E.C.D., Development Co-operation, 1974 Review (Paris, 1974), p. 199.Google Scholar
page 133 note 2 In 1973, for example, the Japanese ratio was 0·25 per cent as compared with an average of 0·30 per cent for all D.A.C. countries. Ibid. p. 116.
page 133 note 3 Ibid. pp. 123 and 248.
page 132 note 4 African Development, June 1975, p. j.5.
page 133 note 5 Nigeria Trade Journal, V, 1, 1957, p. 15.
page 133 note 6 The Nigerian Review, March 1969, p. 19.
page 133 note 7 For example, according to the report of a survey team from the Japanese Foreign Ministry, less than 40 per cent of the 1966 loan to Nigeria has been utilised because of lack of technical assistance. Japan and Africa, 106, 1975, p. 5.
page 134 note 1 O.E.C.D., Development Co-operation, 1974 Review, p. 232.
page 134 note 2 Japan: Quarterly Bulletin, 46, April 1973, p. 8.
page 134 note 3 See The Nigerian Review, March 1969, p. 20, for details of some of the appeals.
page 134 note 4 Japan and Africa, 60, 1971, p. 1.
page 134 note 5 The Nigerian Review, March 1969, p. 20.
page 134 note 6 For a detailed assessment of Japanese involvement with South Africa, see African Development, June 1975, pp. j. 13–14.
page 134 note 7 West Africa (London), 24 June 1974, p. 775.
page 135 note 1 Ibid. 18 November 1974, p. 1401.
page 135 note 2 African Development, August 1973, p. 10.
page 135 note 3 Ibid. November 1969, p. 32.
page 135 note 4 For example, in appreciation of the modest increase in Japanese economic assistance, several African countries have in the last few years dropped the application of discriminatory trade measures (G.A.T.T. Article 35) against Japanese goods. See, for example, Japan and Africa, October 1973, p. 1.
page 135 note 5 African Development, June 1975, p. j.5.
page 135 note 6 West Africa, 18 November 1974, p. 1401.
page 135 note 7 O.E.C.D., Development Co-operation, 1974 Review, p. 129.
page 135 note 8 Japan and Africa, July 1974, p. 1.
page 135 note 9 Ibid. February 1975, p. 1.
page 136 note 1 Ibid.
page 136 note 2 Ibid. July 1972, p. 1.
page 136 note 3 African Development, April 1974, p. September, and Japan and Africa, February 1974, p. 1.
page 136 note 4 Japan and Africa, March 1975, p. 1.
page 136 note 5 Ibid. October 1974, p. 4.
page 136 note 6 Ibid. December 1972, p. 1, and West Africa, 18 November 1974, p. 1401.
page 136 note 7 West Africa, 30 July 1973, p. 1037.