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The Sudan, 1985–9: the Fading Democracy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Kamal Osman Salih
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Extract

This article discusses the political situation in the Sudan in the aftermath of the 1985 popular uprising which reinstated parliamentary democracy, and focuses on the major challenges which confronted the civilian leaders before their downfall, notably the economic crisis, the issue of Sharia law, the agonising war in the South, and the corrupt and inefficient party system.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , June 1990 , pp. 199 - 224
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

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References

1 See Mansour, Khalid (ed.), John Grang Speaks (London and New York, 1987), for an explanation of the genesis and objectives of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (S.P.L.M.) and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (S.P.L.A.).Google Scholar

2 The Economist Intelligence Unit, Quarterly Economic Review of Sudan (London), 2, 1985, pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid. 3, 1985, pp. 7.

5 Ibid. 2, 1986, pp. 8.

6 Ibid. p. 7.

7 Ibid. p. 8.

8 Quarterly Economic Review of Sudan, 1, 1987, p. 6.

9 See Alwan (Khartoum) and Al Raya (Khartoum), 16 May 1987.

10 Al-Umm (Khartoum), 10 May 1987.

11 Quarterly Economic Review of Sudan, 2, 1987, p. 5.

12 Ibid. 3, 1987, p. 7.

13 Al Telegraph (Khartoum), 16 January 1988, Al Syassa (Khartoum), 10 and 12 February 1988, Al Watan (Kuwait), 24 February and 16 March 1988, and Al Nahar (Khartoum) and Al Itihad (Khartoum), 22 March 1988.

14 Al Sudani (Khartoum), 24 March and 4 April 1988, and Al Watan, 31 March, 20 April, and 25 May 1988.

15 Al Sudani, 9 April 1988.

16 Ibid. 28 April 1988, my translation.

17 Al Syassa, 8 April 1988, Al Sudani, 13 and 27 April, 1 and 15 May 1988, Al Watan, 4 and 11 May 1988, and Al Aiam (Khartoum and Al Garida) (Khartoum), 15 May 1988.

18 Ibid.

19 Al Sharq al Awsat (London and Washington, D.C.), 4 June 1988, Al Watan, 15 and 29 June 1988, Al Syassa, 9 and 29 June 1988, and Al Aiam and Al Telegraph, 26 June 1988.

20 Al Watan, 9 March 1988, and Alwan, 16 May 1988.

21 See Al Syassa, 10 February 1988, and Al Isbough (Khartoum), 26 June 1988.

22 Al Anbaa (Kuwait), 29 September 1988.

23 Al Watan, 26 June, 14 and 21 October 1988.

24 E.g. Alwan, 31 October 1987.

25 Ibid. 5 November 1987.

26 Al Watan, 3 May 1988.

27 Ibid. 6 May 1988.

28 Ibid.

29 The I.M.F. has been exerting pressure on successive régimes since 1979 to unify the Sudan's ‘official’ and ‘commercial’ exchange rates, by 1990 respectively at 1 U.S.$. = S£2·5, mainly used to finance essential imports, and 1 U.S.$. = S£6, primarily for other commodities, as well as for remittances of Sudanese expatriates.

30 Al Raya, 17 September 1986.

31 Al Sudani, 20 September 1988.

32 Sudan Times (Khartoum), 5 October 1987.

33 Al Raya, 7 October 1987.

34 Al Syassa, 4 Octobers 1987.

35 Al Isbough, 10 October 1987.

36 Al Raya, 12 October 1987.

37 Al Anbaa, 26 September 1988.

38 See Al Syassa, 19 August 1988, and Al Aiam, 20 June 1988.

39 See Al Raya, 17 July 1988, and Al Watan, 21 September 1988.

40 Alwan, 11 April 1987, Sudan Times, 15 February and 22 March 1988, Al Aiam, 10 May 1988, Al Sudani, 13 July 1988, Al Isbough, 6 August 1988, and Al Maidan (Khartoum), 10 August 1988.

41 See Al Sudani, 13 July 1988, and Al Maidan, 15 07 1988.

42 Al Syassa, 15 December 1988.

43 Al Watan, 19 and 23 April 1989.

44 Al Syassa, 19 January 1987.

45 See Al Sudani, 19 April 1987, and Al Sharq al Awsat, 17 September 1988.

46 Al Sharq al Awsat, 17 September 1988.

47 See John Garang Speaks, pp. 145–6, for the text of the Koka Dam Declaration, 24 March 1986. Also, Al Aiam, 15 May 1988, Al Sudani, 21 May 1988, and Al Anbaa, 29 June 1988.

48 Al Raya, 9 April 1988.

49 Al Hadaf (Khartoum), 25 December 1987.

50 Al Raya, 9 December 1987.

51 Al Syassa, 19 November 1987, and Al Badil (Khartoum), 26 December 1987.

52 Al Anbaa, 6 January 1988.

53 Ibid.

54 Al Syassa, 15 July 1988.

55 Al Watan, 2 December 1988.

56 Ibid. 29 March 1989.

57 Al Qabas (Kuwait), 15 April 1989.

58 See Al Watan, 9 March 1988, Al Sudani, 22 May 1988, and Al Raya, 13 June 1988.

59 See Al Aiam, 20 January 1988, Al Syassa 20 January and 10 February 1988, and Sudan Times, 12 February 1988.

60 See Alwan, 7 December 1987, Al Adwa, 7 June 1988, Al Raya, 7 July 1988, and Al Isbough, 4 August 1988.

61 Quarterly Economic Review of Sudan, 2, 1988, pp. 11–12.

62 Ibid. 1, 1988, p. 8.

63 Ibid. 2, 1988, pp. 11–12.

64 Ibid. p. 12.

65 Ibid.

66 Al Watan and Al Qabas, 1 July 1989.

67 Quarterly Economic Review of Sudan, 3, 1989, pp. 8–10.

68 Al Muslimon (London), 16, November 1989.

69 Ibid.

70 Ibid.

71 Quarterly Economic Review of Sudan, 4, 1989, p. 6.

72 Al-Anbaa, 19 December 1989.

73 The Times (London), 24 April 1990.