^{page 469 note 1} Thompson, James D., Organizations in Action (New York, 1967), p. 27.Google Scholar

^{page 469 note 2} Bendix, Reinhard, Max Weber (Garden City, N.Y., 1962), p. 292,Google Scholar my emphasis.

^{page 469 note 3} See Etzioni, Amitai, A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations (New York, 1961).Google Scholar

^{page 470 note 1} Apter, David E., The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, 1967), pp. 236 and 266.Google Scholar

^{page 470 note 2} Ibid. p. 237, and Ilchman, Warren F. and Uphoff, Norman T., The Political Economy of Change (Berkeley, 1969), pp. 73–80.Google Scholar

^{page 471 note 1} Goubert, Pierre, L'Ancien régime (Paris, 1973), p. 30.Google Scholar For a detailed and comparative analysis of Zaïre as an absolutist state, see Callaghy, Thomas M., ‘State Formation and Absolutism in Comparative Perspective: seventeenth-century France and Mobutu Sese Seko's Zaïre’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1979.Google Scholar

^{page 472 note 1} Seko, Mobutu Sese, Paroles du Président (Kinshasa, 1968), p. 47.Google Scholar

^{page 472 note 2} See Bolela, Albert-Oscar, ‘Droit et devoirs du journaliste en République du Zaïre’, in Zaïre-Afrique (Kinshasa), 63, 03 1972, pp. 149–58.Google Scholar

^{page 472 note 3} Administrative correspondence, Kinshasa, 15 August 1974.

^{page 473 note 1} Administrative correspondence to all Regional Commissioners, Kinshasa, 28 November 1973.

^{page 473 note 2} Poster distributed in Bas-Zaïre during March 1967.

^{page 474 note 1} ‘Rapport d'activtés de la sous-région du MPR/Cataractes de 1967 à 1972’, Mbanza-Ngungu, 28 March 1972.

^{page 474 note 2} Administrative correspondence, Kimvula, July 1970.

^{page 474 note 3} ‘Rapport d'activités’, op. cit. and ‘Aide mémoire à l'intention des citoyens commissaires de sous-région et de la zone’, Bukavu, 9 December 1972.

^{page 474 note 4} Sub-regional monthly reports, Mbanza-Ngungu, February–September 1973.

^{page 475 note 1} ‘Compte-rendu de la réunion tenue le 20 juin 1972’, Bukavu.

^{page 475 note 2} Administrative correspondence, Inkisi, 28 September 1973.

^{page 475 note 3} ‘Synthèse des entretiens avec les différentes couches de la population du Nord-Kivu’, Bukavu, 23 February 1975.

^{page 476 note 1} Zaïre-Afrique, 98, October 1975, p. 58.

^{page 476 note 2} Administrative correspondence, Kimvula, 2 June 1974; administrative reports, September–November 1974; and personal observation.

^{page 477 note 1} ‘Avis au public’, Mbanza-Ngungu, 2 October 1973.

^{page 477 note 2} Administrative announcement, Mbanza-Ngungu, 10 March 1975.

^{page 477 note 3} Department of Culture and the Arts, L'Animation culturelle dans la révolution: recueil de chants patriotiques du MPR (Kinshasa, 1974).Google Scholar

^{page 478 note 1} Administrative correspondence, 1973–4.

^{page 478 note 2} L'Animation culturelle dans la révolution, pp. 19 and 27.

^{page 478 note 3} Administrative reports, 14 and 17 February 1975.

^{page 479 note 1} Administrative correspondence, Matadi, 26 Jaunary 1972; and personal observation in Shaba, Kivu, Bas-Zaïre, and Kinshasa, 1974–5.

^{page 479 note 2} Administrative report, Mbanza-Ngungu, 17 February 1975.

^{page 480 note 1} Naipaul, V. S., ‘A New King for the Congo’, in New York Review of Books, 25 06 1975.Google Scholar

^{page 481 note 1} Stinchcombe, Arthur, Constructing Social Theories (New York, 1968), p. 162.Google Scholar

^{page 482 note 1} Tocqueville, Alexis de, The Old Régime and the French Revolution (Garden City, N.Y., 1955 edn.), p. 50.Google Scholar

^{page 482 note 2} A quote from Mobutu on the first page of a major M.P.R. document, ‘Rapport d'activités, 1967–1972’, Kinshasa, 1972.

^{page 483 note 1} Confidential police report, Mbanza-Ngungu, 19 May 1972.

^{page 483 note 2} Police reports, February 1972; C.N.D. report, Songololo, 1 October 1971; and sub-region monthly report, September 1973.

^{page 483 note 3} Administrative cable, 18 February 1974; special administrative report on the socio-economic situation of Nord-Kivu Sub-Region, Goma, 9 July 1973; administrative report, 3 May 1974; sub-region monthly report, July 1974; and administrative correspondence, June 1969.

^{page 484 note 1} Annual report, Luozi Zone, 1974; ‘Procès-verbal de remise-reprise’, Masisi, 17 May 1975; and anual report, Masisi Zone, 14 January 1975.

^{page 484 note 2} ‘Décision No. 3072/01/i.m.4.2. du 31 janvier 1973 portant renforcement des mesures de securité dans les Cataractes’; and secret gendarmerie orders, Mbanza-Ngungu, 1973–1974.

^{page 485 note 1} Administrative correspondence, 28 January, 1970.

^{page 485 note 2} Ibid. Gombe-Sud, 26 March 1972.

^{page 485 note 3} Ibid. Kimvula, 13 December 1971.

^{page 485 note 4} Administrative report, Mbanza-Ngungu, 24 June 1968.

^{page 485 note 5} Administrative correspondence, Mbanza-Ngungu, October 1973.

^{page 486 note 1} Ibid. 9 December 1971.

^{page 486 note 2} Administrative report, Malele, August 1970.

^{page 486 note 3} Administrative correspondence, 7 and 29 October 1971.

^{page 486 note 4} Ibid. Zamaba, 9 April 1973.

^{page 488 note 1} Administrative report on the ratissage by the Assistant Sub-Regional Commissioner, Mbanza-Ngungu, 28 May 1973.

^{page 489 note 1} This account is based on the Sub-Regional Commissioner's brief report on the ratissage, Mbanza-Ngungu, 6 May, 1973; a letter from the Commander of the gendarmerie to the Sub-Regional Commissioner, Kimpese, 8 May 1973 and the private letter from the ‘Observer’, Kimpese, 12 May 1973.

^{page 489 note 2} ‘Observer letter’, Kimpese, 12 May 1973.

^{page 489 note 3} Administrative correspondence, 19 September and 21 December 1973.

^{page 490 note 1} Speech by State Commissioner Kithima, ‘La Philosophie de salongo’, Kinshasa, 3 May 1973.

^{page 490 note 2} Speech by State Commissioner Engulu, ‘La Territoriale et la radicalisation du MPR’, Kinshasa, 5 September 1974 and Muhima, Sebisogo, ‘Le rôle du “Salongo” (travail manuel) dans les écoles’, in Zaïre-Afrique, 95, 05 1975, p. 273.Google Scholar

^{page 491 note 1} Cataractes Sub-Region monthly report, May 1973; annual report, Songololo Zone, 1974; and ‘Arrêté No. 01/RTE/75 du 3 juin 1975’, Bukavu, my emphasis.

^{page 491 note 2} ‘Arrêté No. 909/CAB(REGICOM)40/BZ/72 portant imposition de cultures’, 28 December 1972; and administrative correspondence, January 1973–December 1974.