¹ See Jowitt, Kenneth, ‘Scientific Socialist Regimes in Africa: political differentiation, avoidance, and unawareness’, in Rosberg, Carl G. and Callaghy, Thomas M. (eds.), Socialism in Sub-Saharan Africa: a new assessment (Berkeley, 1979), pp. 533–73;Google ScholarKeller, Edmond J., ‘Afro-Marxist Regimes’, in Keller, and Rothchild, Donald (eds.), Afro-Marxist Regimes: ideology and public policy (Boulder and London, 1987), pp. 1–21;Google Scholar and Herbst, Jeffrey, ‘The Fall of Afro-Marxism’, in Journal of Democracy (Washington, DC), I, 3, 1990, pp. 92–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² Keller, op. cit. pp. 7–8.

³ Ibid. p. 11.

⁴ See Rothchild, Donald and Foley, Michael, ‘Ideology and Public Policy in Afro-Marxist Regimes: the effort to cope with domestic and international constraints’, in Keller, and Rothchild, (eds.), op. cit. pp. 302–3Google Scholar, and Herbst, Jeffrey, ‘Political Impediments to Economic Rationality: explaining Zimbabwe's failure to reform its public sector’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 27, 1, 03 1989, pp. 67–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ Herbst, ‘The Fall of Afro-Marxism’, p. 99.

⁶ Astrow, André, Zimbabwe: a revolution that lost its ways? (London, 1983),Google Scholar and Colin, Stoneman (ed. ) Zimbabwe's Prospects: issues of race, class, state and capital in Southern Africa (London, 1988).Google Scholar

⁷ Stoneman, Colin and Cliffe, Lionel, Zimbabwe: politics, economics and society (London and New York, 1989), p. 2.Google Scholar

⁸ Ibbo, Mandaza (ed.), Zimbabwe: the political economy of transition, 1980–1986 (Dakar, 1986), p. 4.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid. p. 6.

¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹ Ibid. p. 30.

¹² Ibid. p. 69.

¹³ Mandaza names both John Saul and André Astrow as leading examples of authors who have ‘romanticized’ the Zimbabwean struggle. Ibid. pp. 5–7 and 28–33.

¹⁴ Ibid. p. 69.

¹⁵ Ibid. p. 5.

¹⁶ This is not to suggest, of course, any intellectual equivalency between de Tocqueville's classic and the ephemeral writings of Africanist radicals in North America and Western Europe. Scholars in Africa ought to concentrate on field research, to participate more in national debates, and to help sponsor and produce, as well as edit, and write for, local journals of high quality. Outsiders who wished to be taken seriously would have to refer to such publications.

¹⁷ See Weber, Max, Economy and Society, Vol. I, edited by Guenther, Roth and Claus, Wittich (Berkeley, 1978 edn.), pp. 212–13.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid. pp. 26–7.

¹⁹ Quoted in ibid. p. lxxxix.

²⁰ Voegelin, Eric, Anamnesis (Notre Dame, IN, 1978), p. 144. The term ‘noetic’ is abstracted from Plato's use of the Greek word ‘nous’ to denote ‘reason’ as the centre of the human ‘psyche’ and the basis of the ‘spiritual man’.Google Scholar

²¹ Ibid. p. 145.

²² Weber. op. cit. p. lxiii.

²³ Weber, Max, The Methodology of the Social Sciences, edited by Edward, Shils and Henry, Finch (New York, 1969), p. 44.Google Scholar

²⁴ Harbermas, Jurgen, Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston, 1971), pp. 309–10.Google Scholar

²⁵ Stoneman, (ed.), Zimbabwe's Prospects, pp. 4–5.Google Scholar

²⁶ See ‘Zimbabwe: import restrictions relaxed’, in Africa Research Bulletin: economic series (London), 26, 12, 1990, p. 9800.Google Scholar

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²⁸ Chung, Fay, ‘Education: revolution or reform?’, in Stoneman, (ed.), op. cit. p. 118.Google Scholar

²⁹ Ibid. p. 121.

³⁰ Loewenson, René and Sanders, David, ‘The Political Economy of Health and Nutrition’, in Stoneman, (ed.), op. cit. p. 133.Google Scholar

³¹ Cited in Southern African Economist (Harare), December 1990–January 1991.Google Scholar

³² Ibid.

³³ See Skälnes, Tor, ‘Group Interests and the State: an explanation of Zimbabwe's agricultural policies’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 27, 1, 03 1989, pp. 85–107,CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Herbst, Jeffrey, State Politics in zimbabwe (Harare and Berkeley, 1990).Google Scholar Also, ‘Zimbabwe, ’, in Africa Research Bulletin: economic series, 27, 28 02 1990, p. 9849, for recent estimates.Google Scholar

³⁴ Moyo, Sam, ‘The Land Question’, in Mandaza, (ed.), op. cit. p. 178.Google Scholar

³⁵ ‘Maize From America Due Soon’, in The Chronicle (Bulawayo), 31 March 1992Google Scholar, and ‘US Speeds Food Export to Africa’, in ibid. 8 April 1992.

³⁶ ‘Maize — the Facts’, in The Herald (Harare), 24 April 1992.Google Scholar

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³⁹ ‘No Unfairness in Land Policy, Says President’, in The Herald, 7 February 1991.

⁴⁰ Ibid.

⁴¹ Quoted in ‘Judiciary Avoid Politics’, in Zimbabwe Press Mirror (Harare), 10, 28 January 1991, p. 3.Google Scholar

⁴² Ibid.

⁴³ Mhlaba, Luke, ‘A New Law of the Land’, in Parade Magazine (Harare), 02 1991, p. 16.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Ibid.

⁴⁵ Quoted in Astrow, op. cit. p. 143.

⁴⁶ ‘PM Sets Socialist Strategy’, in The Herald (Harare), 7 February 1982.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ ‘Centre Formed’, in ibid. 21. December 1990.

⁴⁸ Editorial, in ibid. December 1990.

⁴⁹ ‘Indigenous Capitalism’, in Sunday Mail (Harare), 8 January 1991.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ See ‘Zimbabwe: adjustment programme details’, in Africa Research Bulletin: economic series, 27, 9, 1990, p. 10116c.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Speech presented by Mugabe, Robert G., President and First Secretary of Zanu-P.F., to the National Consultative Assembly, in Zanu-P. F. Library (Harare), 21 12 1991.Google Scholar

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⁵³ Ibid. pp. 13–14.

⁵⁴ The Herald, 6 December 1991.

⁵⁵ Tshuma, Lawrence, ‘Do Zimbabweans Have a Right to Criticise Parliament?’, in The Financial Gazette (Harare), 9 01 1992.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ See ‘85,000 Face Starvation’, in The Chronicle, 20 April 1992. Also, ‘Drought May Force School in Mutoko to Close Down’, in The Herald, 20 April 1992.Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ ‘CZI blames Government for Economic Chaos’, in The Financial Gazette, 23 April 1992.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ An example of the ‘sometimes precarious balance’ was the handling of the desired de jure oneparty state which Zanu-P.F. seemed to be determined to pursue at all costs, only to later abandon in favour of a de facto solution which is likely to be further modified.

⁶¹ According to Niccolò Machiavelli, writing during 1513–14, ‘men prosper so long as fortune and policy are in accord, and when there is a clash they fail… Now, in Italy the opportunities are not wanting for thorough reorganisation…In order therefore that Italy, after so long a time, May behold its saviour, this opportunity must not be let slip’. The Prince, translated with an introduction by George Bull (Harmondsworth, 1961), pp. 133–8.Google Scholar