Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 November 2008
Aviation in Southern Africa was subject throughout the 1980s to increasingly intense political pressures. As ever, the cause was protests about apartheid. The severe blow that black African countries dealt to South African Airways (S.A.A.), the Republic's state-owned national airline, in the 1960s by withdrawing overflying rights was magnified by similar action from a wider spectrum of non-African governments. In the mid-1980s, Australia and the United States of America, for example, revoked S.A.A.'s landing rights, and forbad airlines registered in their countries from flying to South Africa. Other carriers, such as Air Canada, closed their offices and then terminated representation in South Africa.
1 Gaile, Gary L., ‘African Airline Connectivity: South African sanctions, neocolonialism and development’, in African Urban Quarterly (Nairobi), 3, 3–4, 1988, pp. 177–95;Google ScholarGriffiths, Ieuan L., ‘Airways Sanctions Against South Africa’, in Area (London), 21, 3, 1989, pp. 249–59;Google Scholar and Pirie, Gordon H., ‘Aviation, Apartheid and Sanctions: air transport to and from South Africa, 1945–1989’, in Geo Journal (Dordrecht), 22, 3, 1990, pp. 231–40.Google Scholar
2 Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire), Bulawayo, Harare, Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe), Gaborone (Botswana), Kinshasa (Zaïre), Lilongwe (Malawi), Lusaka (Zambia), Maputo (Mozambique), Nairobi (Kenya), Windhoek (Namibia); and the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.Google Scholar
3 The Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 19 May 1991Google Scholar, and The Star (Johannesburg), 2 July and 31 December 1991.Google Scholar
4 As this observation by Philip Stickler shows, using radio to track aircraft movements between traffic control beacons is a valuable way of getting information about flight-paths that are not reported in trade magazines, or in the commercial and daily press.
5 The Star, 15 November 1991.
6 Ibid. 2 July and 12 October 1991.
7 Ibid. 31 October 1989.
8 Ibid. 31 August 1991. Flights were planned from New York, Washington, Miami, and Atlanta to Johannesburg, Windhoek, and Harare. Routes to Cape Town, Gaborone, and Johannesburg would be flown in co-operation with Air Namibia and Air Botswana.
9 The Sunday Times, 19 January 1992.
10 The Citizen, (Johannesburg), 19 August 1991, and The Star, 14 December 1991.Google Scholar
11 The Star, 11 January 1992, and Financial Mail (Johannesburg), 31 January 1992.Google Scholar
12 Ibid. 2 November 1989 and 7 January 1992.
13 Finance Week (Johannesburg), 14–20 March 1991.Google Scholar
14 Southern African Economist (Harare), 04–05 1988, p. 4.Google Scholar
15 Ibid. pp. 4–13.
16 Walters, Brian, ‘Africa: still trading against the odds’, in Interavia: aerospace review (Geneva), 02 1991, pp. 58–60;Google ScholarMarket South East (London), 5, 4, 10 06 1991, p. 4Google Scholar and African Business (London), 155, 07 1991, p. 49.Google Scholar
17 Kasper, Daniel, Deregulation and Globalization: liberalizing international trade in air services (Cambridge, MA, 1989);Google ScholarDoganis, Rigas, Flying Off Course: the economics of international airlines (London, 1992);Google Scholar and Sochor, Eugene, The Politics of International Aviation (London, 1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18 Nyaga, Richard S., ‘The Effects of Aviation System Constraints on Developing States’, in ICAO Bulletin (Montreal), 01 1989, pp. 26–9.Google Scholar
19 Walters, loc. cit.
20 Endres, Gunter, ‘No Easy Return for SAA’, in Inieravia: aerospace review, July 1991, pp. 48–9Google Scholar, and ‘South African Deregulation Challenges SAA’, in ibid. pp. 50–2.
21 Pirie, Gordon H., ‘Reorienting and Restructuring Transportation in Southern Africa’, in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geograjie (Amsterdam), 82, 4, 1991, pp. 345–54.Google Scholar
22 Verchere, Ian, ‘South Africa Offers New Hope’, in Interavia, August 1991, p. 5.Google Scholar
23 The Economist (London), 31 08 1991, pp. 44–5.Google Scholar
24 According to the Southern African Economist, April–May 1988, p. 5, the number of weekly connections via Johannesburg dropped from 169 in 1984 to 122 in 1987.Google Scholar
25 Kanafani, Adib, ‘Airline Hubbing–Some Implications for Airport Economics’, in Transportation Research (New York), 19A, 1, 1985, pp. 15–27,Google Scholar and McShan, Scott and Windle, Robert, ‘The Implications of Hub-and-Spoke Routing for Airline Costs and Competitiveness’, in Logistics and Transportation Review (Vancouver), 25, 3, 1989, pp. 209–30.Google Scholar