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³ For a major example of this commitment, see the A.N.C.'s 1945 manifesto, ‘African Claims’, in ibid. pp. 272–6.

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⁹ Ibid. pp. 361–71.

¹⁰ ‘Dube to Chiefs and Gentlemen of the South African Native Congress, 2 February 1912’ Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society Papers, S19D2/3, Rhodes House, Oxford.

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³⁰ Ibid. pp. 149–72 and 188–90. See also Boesak, Allan, Black and Reformed. Apartheid, Liberation and the Calvinist Tradition (New York, 1984)Google Scholar; Tutu, Desmond, Hope and Suffering (Grand Rapids, 1984)Google Scholar; Lelyveld, Joseph, Move Your Shadow (New York, 1986), pp. 294–301, on Malusi MpumlwanaGoogle Scholar; and A Man for All People. The Message of Bishop Mandlenkhosi Zwane (London, Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1983).Google Scholar

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³³ The turbulent events of the 1980s, as outlined above, are concisely presented in Catholic Institute for International Relations, South Africa in the 1980s (London, 1987).Google Scholar They are also described and analysed in Frederikse, Julie, South Africa: a different kind of war (London, 1986)Google Scholar; Brewer, John D. (ed.), Can South Africa Survive? Five Minutes to Midnight (London, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Murray, Martin, South Africa: time of agony, time of destiny (London, 1987)Google Scholar; and Wolpe, Harold, ‘Apartheid Crisis’, in Marxism Today (London), 01 1983.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Charles Villa-Vincencio, ‘Church Unity and Political Diversity’, in ibid. 43, June 1983, pp. 35–45. These persisting tensions are recorded in Ecunews (Johannesburg), the news service of the South African Council of Churches. See the October 1983 issue, for example, re divisions within the churches over the new South African constitution.

³⁹ Southern African Catholic Bishop's Conference, Pastoral Letter of the Catholic Bishops on the Proposed New Constitution (Pretoria, 1983).Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ A major example of this is Evangelical Witness in South Africa. A Critique of Evangelical Theology and Practice by Evangelicals Themselves (Dobsonville, Johannesburg, 1986).Google Scholar

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⁶⁵ Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference,Pastoral Letter on the Proposed New Constitution of South AfricaPretoriaJuly 1983,Google ScholarPastoral Letter of the SABC. The Municipal Elections of October 26, 1988 (Pretoria, 1988), Report on Police Conduct During Township Protests, August–November 1984 (Pretoria and London, 1984), and Report on Namibia (Pretoria, 1982).Google Scholar

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⁶⁷ National Catholic Reporter, 16 October 1989, and Inter Nos, 12 1987, p. 16.Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ Starting in 1981, the Commission published a workers' newsletter, Church and Industry (Pretoria).Google Scholar

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⁷⁶ Ibid. pp. 6–7.

⁷⁷ Ibid. pp. 8–14.

⁷⁸ Ibid. p. 20.

⁷⁹ Ibid. p. 24.

⁸⁰ The Christian Institute of Southern Africa, Pro Veritate (Johannesburg), 05 1975, pp. 23–4Google Scholar; and Diakonia, , Diakonia, 1976–1986 (Durban, 1986)Google Scholar, A Community That Serves: evaluation report, 1980 (Durban, 1980), Diakonia News, 1981–1989, and Annual Reports, 1988–1990.Google Scholar

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⁸³ Ecunews, June 1985, p. 15; South African Council of Churches, Annual Report, 1987, p. 102; The New York Times, 16 and 19 November, and 15 December 1988. Moses (not related to Frank) Chikane was also convicted. Having been Transvaal secretary of the U.D.F., he later worked for the Catholic Bishops' Conference.

⁸⁴ Inter Nos, November 1986, and ICT News, December 1986, p. 11.

⁸⁵ Ecunews, March 1986, special edition devoted to the Eloff Commission.Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ Diakonia, Cosatu and the Church (Durban, 1986), and Diakonia News, August 1986, p. 3.Google Scholar

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⁸⁹ Boesak, Allan, ‘The Black Church and the Future’, in South African Outlook, July 1979, p. 102, address to the South African Council of Churches.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Info, 2 February 1988; Community Serving Humanity; and ‘African Bishops Stress Formation of the Laity, Small Christian Communities and Christian Witness’, in SELAM Press Release, I, 14 October 1987, pp. 1–3, being a report on the Episcopal Conference of Africa and Madagascar, Rome.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Author's interviews in South Africa, 1990, with Marilyn Aitken, Smangaliso Mkhatshwa, and Bernard Ncube of the Institute for Contextual Theology; Beyers Naudé, Frank Chikane, Wesley Mabuza, and Saki Macozuma of the South African Council of Churches.Google Scholar

⁹² Ibid.

⁹³ South African Council of Churches, June 16, 1986 Day of Prayer to End Unjust Rule of Apartheid: Call to Christians of the World Church (Johannesburg), and Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference and South African Council of Churches, ‘Call to June 16 Day of Prayer’, in Ecunews, 05 1986, pp. 2–5.Google Scholar

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⁹⁸ Catholic News Service (Boston), 9 08 1989, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁰ Mayson, Cedric, ‘Converting Christian Subversion’, in Sechaba (London), 09 1989, pp. 27–30Google Scholar; Programme to Combat Racism, The Churches Search for Justice and Peace, Lusaka, 1987; South African Council of Churches, Annual Report, 1987, pp. 64ff; and ‘ANC/SACBC Communique’, in Inter Nos, May 1986, pp. 11–14.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁴ Wallis, Jim, ‘Into the Crucible of Fire. The Church Steps Forward in South Africa’, in Sojourners (Washington, D.C.), 09 1988, pp. 14–17Google Scholar; South African Council of Churches, Emergency Convocation of Churches in South Africa, May 30, 31, 1988 (Johannesburg, 198), pp. 1–76; Ecunews, April 1988, pp. 23–5; ICT News, June 1988, pp. 2–4; and The New York Times, 1 June 1988.Google Scholar

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