^{page 275 note 1} See, for example, Langdon, Steven W., Multinational Corporations in the Political Economy of Kenya (London and New York, 1981),CrossRefGoogle ScholarAnon., (In) Dependent Kenya (London, 1982);Google ScholarHunt, Diana, The Impending Crisis in Kenya: the case for land reform (Aldershot, 1984),Google ScholarLeo, Christopher, Land and Class in Kenya (Toronto, 1984),Google ScholarKitching, Gavin, Class and Economic Change in Kenya: the making of an African petite bourgeoisie, 1905–1970 (New Haven and London, 1980),Google Scholar and Swainson, Nicola, The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya, 1918–77 (London, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 276 note 1} Hornsby, Charles P. W., ‘The Member of Parliament in Kenya, 1969–83’, D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford University, 1986, ch. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 276 note 2} Mueller, Susanne D., ‘Government and Opposition in Kenya, 1966–9’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 22, 3, 09 1984, pp. 399–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 276 note 3} On the growing power of the Presidency during the 1960s, see Ghai, Yash P. and McAuslan, J. P. W. B., Public Law and Political Change in Kenya: a study of the legal framework of government from colonial times to the present (Nairobi, 1970), ch. VI.Google Scholar

^{page 276 note 4} The Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) (No. 2), Act No. 45 of 1968.

^{page 278 note 1} Hornsby, op. cit. chs. 4 and 8.

^{page 279 note 1} The most significant biographical sources are Who is Who in Kenya, 1982–3 (Nairobi, 1982);Google ScholarWho's Who in East Africa, 1963–64 (Nairobi, 1964),Google Scholar1965–66 (Nairobi, 1966), and 1967–68 (Nairobi, 1968); African Yearbook and Who's Who, 1977 (London, 1976),Google ScholarAfrica Who's Who (London, 1981);Google Scholar and J., Dickie and Rake, Alan (eds.), Who's Who in Africa (London, 1973).Google Scholar

^{page 279 note 2} Rouyer, A. B., ‘Political Recruitment and Political Change in Kenya’, in Journal of Developing Areas (Macomb. III.), 9, 4, 1975, pp. 543–4.Google Scholar

^{page 280 note 1} Hornsby, op. cit. ch. 7.

^{page 280 note 2} Kenya has probably the highest population growth rate in the world. See the Kenya Population Census, 1979 (Nairobi, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 281 note 1} Charles P. W. Hornsby, ‘Regional Variations in Socio-Economic Background Amongst M.P.s in Independent Kenya’, typescript. For information on regional imbalances, see Court, David and Prewitt, Ken, ‘Nation versus Region in Kenya: a note on political learning’, in British Journal of Political Science (Cambridge), 4, 1970, pp. 109–20,Google Scholar and Rothchild, Donald, ‘Ethnic Inequalities in Kenya’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 412 1969, pp. 689–711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 281 note 2} Jomo Kenyatta, James Gichuru, Tom Mboya, Mbiya Koinange, Clement Argwings-Kodhek, Ronald Ngala, and Bruce McKenzie are all dead. Bildad Kaggia, Oginga Odinga, Julius Kiano, John Konchellah, Ramogi Achieng-Oneko, Joseph Otiende, Joe Murumbi, Dawson Mwanyumba, Eliud Mwendwa, James Nyamweya, Lawrence Sagini, and now Charles Njonjo have either lost their parliamentary positions (and most of their power), or have retired from politics.

^{page note 1} For an example of this, see Mutiso, G. C. M., Kenya Politics, Policy and Society (Nairobi, 1975), ch. 13.Google Scholar

^{page note 2} See Rasmussen, J. S., ‘Women's Role in Contemporary British Politics: impediments to parliamentary candidature’, in Parliamentary Affairs (London), 36, 3, 1983, pp. 300–15,Google Scholar and Elizabeth Vallance, ‘Women Candidates in the 1983 General Election’, in Ibid. 37, 3, 1984, p. 303.

^{page note 1} During this period only 15 per cent of the students of the University College of Nairobi were females, according to the annual reports of that institution and the Ministry of Education.

^{page note 2} See Butterfield, Cynthia, Women in the Modern Wage Sector (Nairobi, 1977), I. D. S. Discussion Paper No. 256.Google Scholar

^{page note 3} This was independently shown by Berg-Schlosser, Richard, ‘Modes and Meaning of Political Participation in Kenya’, in Comparative Politics (New York) 14, 4, 07 1982, pp. 402–3,Google Scholar and by Ross, Marc Howard, Grass Roots in an African City: political behavior in Nairobi (Cambridge, Mass, and London, 1975), Appendix A.Google Scholar

^{page note 1} Kim, Chong L., Barkan, Joel D. et al. , The Legislative Connection: the Politics of representation in Kenya, Korea and Turkey (Durham, N.C., 1984), p. 54, Table 4.1.Google Scholar

^{page note 2} Hornsby, ‘The Member of Parliament in Kenya’, ch. 7 and Appendix 13, Table 2.

^{page note 3} An idea of the important work done in this area can be gained in Barkan, Joel D. (ed.), Politics and Public Policy in Kenya and Tanzania (New York, 1984 edn.).Google Scholar

^{page note 1} See, for example, Hornsby, ‘The Member of Parliament in Kenya’, ch. 9, section 4, and Khapoya, Vincent B., ‘Kenya Under Moi: continuity or change?’, in Africa Today (Denver), 27, 1, 1980, pp. 17–32.Google Scholar

^{page note 2} Kjekshus, Helge, The Elected Elite: a socio-economic profile of candidates in Tanzania's parliamentary election, 1970 (Uppsala, 1975), S.I.A.S. Research Report No. 29, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

^{page note 3} Two came from Kakamega, one from Machakos, one from Kirinyaga, three from Nyeri, two from Fort Hall (now Murang'a), and five from Kiambu.

^{page note 1} Kipkorir, Benjamin E., ‘The Inheritors and Successors: the traditional background to the modern Kenyan African élite. Kenya c. 1890–1930, in Kenya Historical Review (Nairobi), 2, 2, 1974.Google Scholar

^{page note 2} Hornsby, ‘Regional Variations in Socio-Economic Background Amongst M.P.s in Independent Kenya’.

^{page note 3} A more detailed breakdown of all these results can be found in Hornsby, ‘The Member of Parliament in Kenya’, Appendix 14.

^{page note 1} Kjekshus, op. cit. p. 15.

^{page note 1} Kenya Population Census, 1979, Vol. I, p. 229, Table 4.Google Scholar

^{page note 2} See Photograph of Waweru Ng'ethe in The Standard (Nairobi), 6 11 1979, p. 2.Google Scholar

^{page note 3} Hornsby, ‘Regional Variations in Socio-Economic Background Amongst M.P.s in Independent Kenya’.

^{page note 1} The categories reflect the self-descriptions of occupation used by politicians, aggregated together to form the following categories: ‘professionals’ include teachers; ‘administration’ consists of those who are in senior or junior positions, either provincial or local, plus chiefs; ‘business’ is an aggregation of senior/managerial and junior/own businessmen, plus individuals combining business and agriculture.

^{page note 1} See Dove, L. A., ‘Teachers in Politics in Ex-Colonial Countries’, in Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (London), 17, 2, 07 1979, pp. 176–91Google Scholar, on the importance of teachers in early assemblies in Africa, including Kenya.

^{page note 1} See East African Standard (Nairobi), 4 05 1966, p. 1,Google Scholar and Kenya Gazette (Nairobi), 11 05, 1966, G.N. 1611.Google Scholar

^{page note 1} Rouyer, loc. cit. pp. 558–60.