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⁷ Hastings, Adrian views the school conflicts as inconsequential, because ‘in practice in the eyes of Africans the union of church and state was probably little impaired’. A History of African Christianity, 1950–1975 (Cambridge, 1979), p. 19.Google Scholar

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²⁷ The churches successfully argued that in the 1940s their schools had saved the state 6,000 million Belgian francs. Plan décennal, p. 63.

²⁸ In contrast, the British Colonial Office contemplated higher education expenditures in 1943. Hargreaves, op. cit. pp. 63 and 95.

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⁴⁹ Cinquième conférence, op. cit. p. 61.

⁵⁰ When not choosing to avoid confrontation with state officials, Protestants tended to lend post-facto support to Catholic initatives. Markowitz, op. cit. p. 102.

⁵¹ Dodson, loc. cit. p. 90.

⁵² Yates ‘Educating Congolese Abroad’, p. 37.

⁵³ Feltz, Gaetan, ‘Une Introduction à l'histoire de l'enseignement en Afrique Central (XIXe–XXe siècles): idéologies, pouvoirs et sociétés’, in Bulletin de l'Institut historique belge de Rome (Brussels and Rome), 51, 1981, p. 393.Google Scholar

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