^{Page 211 note 1} See Kimble, David, A Political History of Ghana, 1850–1928 (Oxford, 1963), pp. 146–50Google Scholar for ‘New Forms of Association’ during the latter half of the nineteenth century in the towns of the Gold Coast.

^{Page 211 note 2} For a discussion of African thrift societies, see Comhaire, Jean, ‘Wage Pooling as a form of Voluntary Association in Ethiopian and other African Towns’, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies(Addis Ababa,1966), p. 44.Google Scholar

^{Page 212 note 1} Ijere, M. O., ‘Indigenous African Social Security as a Basis for Future Planning – the Case of Nigeria’, in African Social Security Series (Geneva), 07 1967, p. 11.Google Scholar

^{Page 213 note 1} According to an elder of the Sodo-Gurage community, ‘The Gurage desire to improve the quality and expand ensete plantation forced him to Create ways and means of finding cash money. Equb is then a Gurage creation.’ Seifu Ruga, ‘Moulding Traditional Self-Help Societies to Meet Modern Demands’, Peace Corps Ethiopia, Training Program, Summer 1970, No. 9, p. 6. A principal activity of the Gurage is the cultivation of ensete, or ‘false’ bananas.

^{Page 213 note 2} Damte, Asfaw, ‘Ekub’, in Ethnological Society Bulletin (Addis Ababa), VIII, 07 1958, p. 64.Google Scholar

^{Page 213 note 3} Pankhurst, Richard and Endreas, Eshete, ‘Self-Help in Ethiopia’, in Ethiopian Observer (Addis Ababa), II, 11, 10 1958, p. 357.Google Scholar

^{Page 213 note 4} Damte, loc. cit.

^{Page 213 note 5} Pankhurst and Endreas, loc. cit.

^{Page 215 note 1} Cf. Gedamu, Fecadu, ‘Urbanization, Polyethnic Group Voluntary Associations and National Integration in Ethiopia’, Third International Congress of Africanists, Addis Ababa, 9–19 12 1973, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar

^{Page 215 note 2} Pankhurst and Endreas, loc. cit.

^{Page 216 note 1} Ibid. p. 360.

^{Page 217 note 1} There has been some interest in the possibility of incorporating existing idirs in the development process. Recently the Ministry of National Community Development and Social Affairs sponsored a conference attended by more than 200 idir leaders, government officials, and experts. Further meetings are anticipated, and a wide range of matters relating to idirs and their rôle in Ethiopian development are now under study.

^{Page 217 note 2} Tesfaye, Million, ‘Mutual and Associations among the Kottu-Galla of Harar’, in Ethnological Society Bulletin, II, 1, 07–12 1961.Google Scholar

^{Page 218 note 1} Pankhurst and Endreas, loc. cit. p. 362.

^{Page 218 note 2} Ibid.

^{Page 219 note 1} Levine, Donald N., Wax and Gold: tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture (Chicago, 1965), p. 279.Google Scholar

^{Page 219 note 2} Pankhurst and Endreas, loc. cit. p. 361.

^{Page 219 note 3} Gobena, Temesgien, ‘Gege, Dabo and Other Communal Labours’, in Ethnological Society Bulletin, IX, 12 1957, p. 65.Google Scholar

^{Page 220 note 1} Cf. Report on the Seminar on Urgent Administrative Problems of African Governments, Economic Commission for Africa, 5th Session, Léopoldvile, 02–03 1963, p. 11:Google Scholar ‘Administrative structure mnst not be simply the result of tradition or of political considerations. It involves an objective study of the problem arising in a given state. It is the responsibility of the government of that state to take urgent steps if it has not already done so, to see that this kind of overall study is made with a view to guiding its work.’

^{Page 221 note 1} The challenges to effective social security administration in tropical Africa are analysed by Gerdes, Victor, ‘African Social Security Administration’, in International Review of Administrative Studies (Brussels), XXXIX, 2, 1973, pp. 167–79.Google Scholar

^{Page 222 note 1} For a further discussion of conditions which must be met before there is entitlement to primary and subsidiary provident fund benefits, see Gerdes, Victor, ‘African Provident Funds’, in Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Ithaca, N.Y.), XXIV, 4, 07 1971, pp. 572–87.Google Scholar

^{Page 223 note 1} See Social Security Programs Throughout the World, 1973 (Washington, 1973).Google Scholar

^{Page 223 note 2} Administrative considerations sometimes make it necessary to distribute benefits in a lump-sum rather than by instalments, partly because the total is small.

^{Page 224 note 1} International Social Security Association, Conclusions, Recommendations and Resolutions Adopted by the XVth General Assembly (Geneva, 1965), p. 30.Google Scholar

^{Page 226 note 1} The rôle of both indigenous and modem social security schemes in the promotion of development are discussed in some detail by Gerdes, Victor, ‘Social Security and the African Development Process’, Third International Congress of Africanists, Addis Ababa, 5–19 12 1973, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar

^{Page 227 note 1} See Singer, H. W., ‘Social Factors in Development: an overview with special emphasis on social security’, in Kassalow, M. Everett (ed.), The Role of Social Security in Economic Development (Washington, 1968), pp. 31–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 227 note 2} For example, African provident funds have had ‘difficulty with both employers and employees seeking to avoid compliance with the applicable law. In Nigeria most of the covered workers seemed to be opposed to the scheme at the beginning but lessened their resistance when they realized the value of the benefits under the scheme’. Gerdes, ‘African Provident Funds’, loc. cit. p. 582.