¹ Bowman, Larry W., ‘The Subordinate State System of Southern Africa’, in International Studies Quarterly (Guildford, Surrey), 12, 3, 09 1968, pp. 231–61.Google Scholar Since then, several studies have further explored this line of research, notably, in the 1970s, Grundy, Kenneth, Confrontation and Accommodation in Southern Africa: the limits of independence (Berkeley, CA, 1973)Google Scholar, and Shaw, Timothy M. and Heard, Kenneth A. (eds.), Cooperation and Conflict in Southern Africa: papers on a regional subsystem (Washington, DC, 1977).Google Scholar

² For example, Arnold, Millard W., ‘Southern Africa in the Year 2000: an optimistic scenario’, in CSIS Africa Notes (Washington, DC), 122, 28 03 1991;Google ScholarAyisi, Ruth A., ‘Waiting for the Giant’, in Africa Report (New York), 37, 2, 03 1992; pp. 65–7;Google ScholarVenter, Denis, ‘Some Thoughts on South Africa and Southern Africa’, in Africa Insight (Pretoria), 24, 3, 1994, p. 158;Google Scholar and Owusu, John, ‘The South Africans are Coming! Go North Young Man!’, in African Business (London), 191, 09 1994, p. 8.Google Scholar

³ See Baynham, Simon, ‘Defence and Security Issues in a Transitional South Africa’, in International Affairs Bulletin (Pretoria), 14, 3, 1990Google Scholar, and ‘Security Strategies for a Future South Africa’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 28, 3, 1990, pp. 401–30;Google Scholar and Vale, Peter, ‘The Search for Southern Africa's Security’, in International Affairs (London), 67, 4, 1991, pp. 697–708.Google Scholar

⁴ Including Vale, Peter, ‘A Drought Blind to the Horrors of War (… and the Challenge of Peace)’, in Die Suid-Afrika (Stellenbosch), 08–09 1992, pp. 51–2 and 57;Google ScholarLeistner, Erich, ‘Migration of High-Level African Manpower to South Africa’, in Africa Insight, 23, 4, 1993, pp. 219–24;Google Scholar and Head, Judith, ‘Migrant Mine Labour from Mozambique: employment prospects and policy options in the 1990s’, in Journal of Contemporary African Studies (Grahamstown), 13, 1, 01 1995, pp. 91–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ For example, Stoneman, Colin and Thompson, Carol B., ‘South Africa After Apartheid: economic repercussions of a free South Africa’, in Africa Recovery (New York), Briefing Paper No. 4, 12 1991, pp. 1–12;Google ScholarDavis, Robert, ‘Economic Growth in a Post-Apartheid South Africa: its significance for reforms within other African countries’, in Journal of Contemporary African Studies, II, 1, 1992, p. 57;Google ScholarLeistner, Erich, ‘Post-Apartheid South Africa's Economic Ties with Neighbouring Countries’, in Development Southern Africa (Pretoria), 9, 2, 05 1992, pp. 170–2,Google Scholar and ‘South Africa's Future: powerhouse or poorhouse?’, in Africa Insight, 23, 2, 1993, pp. 85–90.Google Scholar

⁶ Of course, several studies have discussed transportation as an important variable in the geopolitics of Southern Africa. For example: Burgess, Julian, Interdependence in Southern Africa: trade and transport links in South, Central and East Africa (London, 1976), EIU Special Report No. 32;Google ScholarLoubser, J. G. H., Transport Diplomacy with Reference to Southern Africa (Sandton, SA, 1980);Google ScholarFair, T. J. Denis, ‘The Beira, Maputo and Nacala Corridors’, in Africa Insight, 19, 19, 1989, pp. 21–4;Google ScholarKennedy, Thomas L., Southern African Transport-An Analytical Model (Pretoria, 1990);Google ScholarReichardt, Markus and Duncan, David, ‘Rail Transport and the Political Economy of Southern Africa, 1965–1980’, in Africa Insight, 20, 2, 1990, pp. 100–10;Google ScholarPirie, Gordon H., ‘Reorienting and Restructuring Transportation in Southern Africa’, in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geographic/Netherlands Journal of Economic and Social Geography (Amsterdam), 82, 5, 1991, pp. 345–54;CrossRefGoogle ScholarEllison, Anthony P., ‘South Africa's Transport Policies’, in Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (Bath, England), 26, 3, 09 1992, pp. 313–18;Google Scholar and Valigy, Ismael and Dora, Helmut, ‘The Creation of SADCC and the Problem of Transport’, in Vieira, Sergio, Martin, William G., and Wallerstein, Immanuel (eds.), How Fast the Wind? Southern Africa, 1975–2000 (Trenton, NJ, 1992), pp. 113–63.Google Scholar

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⁹ According to ‘Business Looks North at the Once-Forbidden Pastures of Africa’, in The Weekly Mail (Johannesburg), 23 02 1990, the northern dream lives on judged by a spate of recent business expansions.Google Scholar See also, Nyaktemba, Elias, ‘Watch Out, the South Africans are Coming’, in New African (London), 301, 10 1992, p. 29;Google ScholarJeune Afrique (Paris), 04 1995;Google ScholarThe New York Times, 5 06 1995;Google ScholarMisser, François, ‘Zaïre: Anglo to snap up Gecamines?’, in African Business (London), 07–08 1995, pp. 34–5;Google Scholar and ‘Investing in Africa: a new scramble’, in The Economist (London), 12–18 08 1995, pp. 17–19.Google Scholar

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¹² Kennedy, op. cit. pp. 1–2.

¹³ Probably the best known account of South Africa's destabilisation strategies is Hanlon, Joseph, Beggar Your Neighbours: apartheid power in Southern Africa (London and Bloomington, 1986).Google Scholar See also, Johnson, Phyllis and Martin, David (eds.), Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at war (Harare, 1986) and Apartheid Terrorism: the destabilization report (London and Bloomington, 1989);Google Scholar and Smith, Susanna, Frontline Africa: the right to a future (Oxford, 1990).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Abrahamsson, Hans, ‘Transport Structures and Dependency Relations in Southern Africa: the need for a reorientation of Nordic aid’, in Odén, Bertil and Othman, Haroub (eds.), Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa: a post-apartheid perspective (Uppsala, 1989), p. 107.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ For an example of this largely fruitless debate, see Maasdorp, Gavin, ‘The Southern African Nexus: dependence or interdependence?’, in Indicator South Africa (Durban), 4, 1986, pp. 5–19.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Abrahamsson, loc. cit. p. 106.

¹⁸ For a fascinating short account of these developments on the global scale, see Peters, Hans J., The Maritime Transport Crisis (Washington, DC, 1993), World Bank Discussion Paper 220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²⁰ Strange, Susan, ‘The Defective State’, in Daedalus (Cambridge, MA), 124, 2, Spring 1995, p. 57.Google Scholar

²¹ Strange, Susan, ‘The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony’, in International Organization (Cambridge, MA), 41, 4, Autumn 1987, p. 547.Google Scholar

²² Strange, Susan, ‘States, Firms and Diplomacy’, in International Affairs (London), 68, 1, 01 1992, pp. 1–2.Google Scholar For more sophisticated development of this theory, see Stopford, John and Strange, Susan, Rival States, Rival Firms: competition for world market shares (Cambridge, 1991),CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Strange, Susan, States and Markets (London, 1994 2nd edn.).Google Scholar

²³ See Mwase, Ngila, ‘The Liberalization and Deregulation of the Transport Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in African Development Review (Abidjan), 5, 2, 12 1993, pp. 74–6.Google Scholar On the rôle of the World Bank in imposing these policies, see Collier, Paul, ‘From Critic to Secular God: the World Bank and Africa’, in African Affairs (London), 90, 358, 01 1991, pp. 111–17.Google Scholar

²⁴ In late 1990, the Government of F. W. de Klerk undertook a massive privatisation programme, despite some stiff resistance from state agencies, whereby all the transport parastatals - i.e. the railways (Spoornet), some road transport (Autonet), South African Airways (SAA), and the port authority (Portnet)- were placed under Transnet as a financially autonomous management umbrella. The Government at the time claimed that the move was to ensure that each subsidiary must ‘return a satisfactory profit’, because ‘subsidies are now a thing of the past’. Critics, however, suggested that this was ‘a ploy with a public relations coating to ensure that a government elected under a new constitution will find it more difficult to implement a ‘nationalisation’ policy’. Crichton, John, ‘Portnet: a monopoly on the move’, in Containerisation International (London), 25, 2, 02 1991, p. 45.Google Scholar

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²⁶ Ellison, loc. cit. pp. 313–18. See also, Bamford, Brian R., The Law of Shipping and Carriage in South Africa (Cape Town, 1983);Google ScholarJones, Thomas, The International Shipping Industry and South Africa's Seaborne Trade (Pretoria, 1987);Google Scholar and Berridge, Geoffrey, The Politics of the South African Run: European shipping and Pretoria (London and New York, 1987).Google Scholar

²⁷ ‘Africa Trade: Cape route opens up’, in Financial Mail (Johannesburg), 4 08 1989, p. 77,Google Scholar and Peat, A., ‘Strong Links for Safmarine, Unicorn’, in South African Transport (Parkland, SA), 10 1991, p. 6.Google Scholar

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³⁰ For the rôle of indigenous and foreign shipping lines in facilitating the apartheid régime's ability to circumvent international sanctions and embargoes, see LaMourie, Matthew, ‘Safbank [Line Ltd.] Adds Capacity Despite Sanctions’, in The American Shipper (Jacksonville, FL), 30, 11, 11 1988, pp. 36–7;Google ScholarKlinghoffer, Arthur J., Oiling the Wheels of Apartheid: exposing South Africa's secret oil trade (Boulder, CO, and London, 1989); Berridge, op. cit.;Google Scholar and Crichton, John, ‘Shrugging Off Sanctions’, in Containerisation International, 25, 11, 11 1991, pp. 38–41.Google Scholar

³¹ John Crichton, ‘Hub Abidjan’, in Ibid. June 1993, p. 71.

³² Ibid.

³³ Indeed, the terms of the share purchase guaranteed that Safmarine could appoint (as it did in 1991) the chief executive officer (Graham Peirce) at the CMB-Transport headquarters in Brussels. See Hirshon, Gerald, ‘SAFMARINE: Belgian partner’, in Financial Mail, 6 09 1991, pp. 76–9.Google Scholar

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³⁶ ‘Faster Pace in East African Ports and Trades’, in Containerisation International, 04 1994, Africa Special Report, p. vi.Google Scholar

³⁷ See Greig, M., ‘Grindrod Unicorn: International connection’, in Financial Mail, 30 04 1993, pp. 84–5.Google Scholar Also, Uchechukwu, Godwin, ‘The Changing Phases of Shipping in West Africa’, in African Maritime Economist (Lagos), 5, 8, 06 1993, p. 18.Google Scholar

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⁴³ As reported in Africa Analysis (London), 6 06 1995,Google Scholar and Africa Research Bulletin: economic series (Oxford), 13 06 1995, p. 12169.Google Scholar See also, Scuder, Brian and Versi, Anver, ‘Freighting in Africa: full steam ahead’, in African Business, 204, 11 1995, pp. 27–8.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Interview with Captain Dave de Wet, Operations Manager, Unicorn Lines, 21 07 1994, Durban.

⁴⁵ ‘OIC Chooses Grindrod’, in Freight World, 17, 10, 10 1993, p. 18.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ See ‘SA Gears Up for Maputo’, in Freight World, 16, 9, 09 1992, p. 23;Google Scholar‘Privatization of Maputo Harbour?’, in South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review (Cape Town), 47, 1, 02 1992, p. 5;Google Scholar and ‘Swazi Sugar to Maputo’, in Freight World, 17, 7, 07 1993, p. 26.Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ ‘Minutes of Maputo Port Users Meeting, 9th Febuary, 1994’, p. 4.

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