^{page 201 note 1} Republic of the Sudan, The 1983 Population Census: administrative report for the Southern Sudan (Juba, 1984), pp. 1–16.

^{page 202 note 1} The total fertility rate may be interpreted as the number of births a woman would have in her reproductive life if she exactly paralleled the current fertility of women in her own and other age group. See William J. House, ‘Population, Poverty and Deprivation in Southern Sudan: a review’, I.L.O. Population and Labour Policies Programme, Working Paper No. 154, Geneva, 1986, as well as William J. House and Kevin D. Phillips-Howard, ‘Population and Poverty in Rural Southern Sudan: a case study of the Acholi area’, Working Paper No. 155, Geneva, 1986, and ‘Socio-Economic Differentiation Among African Peasants: evidence from Acholi, Southern Sudan’, in Journal of International Development (Manchester), forthcoming.Google Scholar

^{page 202 note 2} Kurup, K. Balachandra, An Appraisal of Nutrition and Other Related Survey Activities in the Southern Sudan (Unicef, Khartoum, 1984).Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 1} Farah, Abdul-Aziz and Preston, Samuel, ‘Child Mortality Differentials in Sudan’, in Population and Development Review (Ann Arbor), 8, 2, 06 1982, pp. 365–83.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 2} International Labour Office, Employment and Economic Reform: towards a strategy for the Sudan (Geneva, 1987), p. 143.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 3} Mohammed, Micah, ‘Tentative Aspects of Planning Education Services for Equatoria Region’, Juba, 1983.Google Scholar

^{page 204 note 1} Cutler, Peter, ‘The Measurement of Poverty: a review of attempts to quantify the poor, with special reference to India’, in World Development (Oxford), 12, 11/12, 11–12 1984.Google Scholar

^{page 204 note 2} International Labour Office, Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: a one-world problem (New York, 1976).Google Scholar

^{page 204 note 3} Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation (Oxford, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 205 note 1} Rodgers, Gerry, ‘Approaches to the Analysis of Poverty’, I.L.O. Population and Labour Policies Working Paper No. 71, Geneva, 1979, pp. 4–5.Google Scholar See also his Poverty and Population: approaches and evidence (Geneva, 1984).Google Scholar

^{page 206 note 1} Watanabe, Barbara and Mueller, Eva, ‘A Poverty Profile for Rural Botswana’, in World Development, 12, 2, 02 1984, pp. 115–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 207 note 1} See Woodruff, Alan et al. ‘Infants in Juba, Southern Sudan: the first twelve months of life’, in The Lancet (London), 09 1984, pp. 506–9.Google Scholar

^{page 208 note 1} Eaton-Evans, M. J., ‘Nutrition Survey Report, Mundri District, November 1980–July 1981’, Juba, 1982.Google Scholar

^{page 209 note 1} Eaton-Evans, M. J., ‘Nutrition Survey Report, 1979–1980, Yei River District and Kajo Keji Sub-District’, Juba, 1980.Google Scholar

^{page 209 note 2} Kurup, op. cit.

^{page 210 note 1} Ibid. p. 28.

^{page 211 note 1} The $ multi-million Jonglei canal project seeks to divert the waters of the White Nile away from the swamps of the Sudd, mainly in order to reduce the rate of evaporation and increase the flow of water to the Northern Sudan and Egypt. Construction activities have been suspended since 1983 because of the worsening security situation in the Southern Sudan. Cf. Howell, Paul, Lock, Michael, and Cobb, Stephen (eds.), The Jonglei Canal: impact and opportunity (Cambridge, 1988)Google Scholar, for a multi-disciplinary survey of the complex interrelated hydrological, ecological, biological, and human problems involved.

^{page 211 note 2} A number of nutrition surveys report that pregnant women may purposely decrease their food intakes in order to ensure an easier delivery by reducing the birth-weight of their baby.

^{page 211 note 3} World Health Organisation/United Nations Children's Fund, ‘Joint Nutrition Support Project for Equatoria Region’, Juba, 1984.

^{page 212 note 1} Woodruff et al. loc. cit. p. 10.

^{page 213 note 1} Ibid. pp. 9–10.

^{page 213 note 2} African Medical and Research Foundation (A.M.R.E.F.), Health Manpower in Southern Sudan (Juba, 1984).

^{page 214 note 1} Noel Warille, Speech at District Planning Workshop for Terekeka District, Juba, 1985.

^{page 214 note 2} Cheesmond, A., ‘Mundri Agricultural Development District: sociological notes’, Juba, 1983.Google Scholar

^{page 214 note 3} A.M.R.E.F., op. cit. p. 6.

^{page 214 note 4} Woodruff et al. loc. cit. p. 2.

^{page 214 note 5} W.H.O./Unicef, op. cit. p. 3.

^{page 214 note 6} Modawi, Abdel Ali, ‘A Review of Retrospective and Prospective Population Data in the Sudan’, in Farah, Abdel Aziz, Nur, Osman El, and Dawi, Taj El (eds.), Aspects of Population Change and Development in the Sudan (Khartoum, 1982).Google Scholar

^{page 214 note 7} W.H.O./Unicef, op. cit.

^{page 214 note 8} Republic of Sudan, ‘Yei District Agricultural Development Plan’, Juba, 1983.

^{page 214 note 9} Sources: W.H.O./Unicef, op. cit. p. 17, and A.M.R.E.F., op. cit. p. 34.

^{page 215 note 1} In neighbouring Kenya in 1976, the number of doctors and registered nurses per 100,000 population was 10 and 95 respectively, more than double the ratios found in Equatoria. See Ghai, Dharam, Godfrey, Martin, and Lisk, Franklyn, Planning for Basic Needs in Kenya: performance, policies and prospects (Geneva, 1979).Google Scholar

^{page 215 note 2} A.M.R.E.F., op. cit. p. 23.

^{page 215 note 3} Ibid. p. 68.

^{page 216 note 1} Cheesmond, op. cit. p. 14.

^{page 216 note 2} Republic of Sudan, ‘Mundri Agricultural Development District: smallholder survey’, Juba, 1983.

^{page 216 note 3} Calculated from Republic of Sudan, ‘Yei Smallholder Survey Report’, Juba, 1983.

^{page 217 note 1} Sources: ibid, and ‘Mundri Agricultural Development District’.

^{page 217 note 2} Nichols, Paul, ‘Household Water Supplies’, Juba, 1982.Google Scholar

^{page 218 note 1} House, William J., ‘Population, Employment and Inequality at the Household Level in Urban Juba, Southern Sudan’, I.L.O. Population and Labour Policies Programme Working Paper, Geneva, forthcoming.Google Scholar

^{page 218 note 2} Cheesmond, op. cit. p. 13.

^{page 218 note 3} Mills, Robin, ‘Population and Manpower in the Southern Sudan’, University of Durham, 1977.Google Scholar

^{page 218 note 4} International Labour Office, Employment and Economic Reform: towards a strategy for the Sudan (Geneva, 1987), p. 143.Google Scholar

^{page 219 note 1} Psacharopoulos, George, Returns to Education: an international comparison (New York, 1973),Google Scholar and Returns to Education: an updated international comparison (Washington, D.C., 1980), World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 402.Google Scholar

^{page 219 note 2} House, William J., ‘Labor Market Differentiation in a Developing Economy: an example from urban Juba, Southern Sudan’, in World Development, 15, 7, 07 1987, pp. 877–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 219 note 3} Lockheed, Marlaine, Jamison, Dean, and Lau, Lawrence, ‘Farmer Education and Farm Efficiency: a survey’, in Economic Development and Cultural Change (Chicago), 29, 1, 10 1980, pp. 37–76.Google Scholar

^{page 221 note 1} W.H.O./Unicef, op. cit. p. 21.

^{page 221 note 2} House, William J., ‘A Socio-Economic and Demographic Profile of the Population of Urban Juba’, Juba, 1985.Google Scholar

^{page 221 note 3} ‘Yei District Agricultural Development Plan’, p. 17.

^{page 222 note 1} Mogga, William, ‘Results of a Farm Management Survey Carried Out in the Malakal Area’, Juba, 1980.Google Scholar

^{page 222 note 2} Republic of Sudan, ‘Results of a Farm Management Survey Carried Out in the Gogrial Area’, Juba, 1978, p. 9.

^{page 222 note 3} ‘Yei District Agricultural Development Plan’, p. 18.

^{page 222 note 4} Schwabe, Christopher, ‘Field Trip Report, Raga District, Bahr El Ghazal Province’, Unicef, Juba, 1981.Google Scholar

^{page 223 note 1} Woldemichael, Berhane, ‘Primary Education in Bahr El Ghazal Region, Sudan’, Unicef, Juba, 1983.Google Scholar

^{page 223 note 2} ‘Arapi Teacher Training Institute Entrance Examination’, Juba, 1985.

^{page 223 note 3} House, ‘Population, Employment and Inequality at the Household Level in Urban Juba’.

^{page 223 note 4} As a measure of income distribution, the Gini coefficient has a maximum value of unity (absolute inequality) and a minimum zero (absolute equality). It can be calculated as

where y ₁…y _n represent individual income in decreasing order of size, ӯ is the mean income, and n is the number of individuals. It should be noted, however, that the Gini coefficient is only a measure of relative size, and that one distribution might be more equal than another over one range, less equal over a succeeding range, and yet both might record the same coefficient. See Pearce, David (ed.), Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics (London, 1986), p. 170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 224 note 1} House, William J., ‘The Nature and Determinants of Socio-Economic Inequality Among Peasant Households in Southern Sudan’, Khartoum, 1988.Google Scholar

^{page 224 note 2} House and Phillips-Howard, op. cit.

^{page 225 note 1} One example is the recent attempt by the Norwegian Church Aid/Sudan Programme to construct a labour-intensive feeder road in the rather isolated Acholi area of the region, so that small-scale farmers would be in a position to market their surplus crops more easily.

^{page 227 note 1} Ahmed, Iftikhar and Kinsey, Bill H. (eds.), Farm Equipment Innovations in Eastern and Central Southern Africa (Aldershot, 1984).Google Scholar

^{page 228 note 1} Bruce F. Johnston, ‘Farm Equipment Innovations in Eastern Africa: policy considerations’, in ibid. pp. 19–88.

^{page 228 note 2} J. D. de Coninck, A. Duncan, and P. E. Winter, ‘Agricultural Equipment and Innovation in Southern Sudan’, in ibid. pp. 253–71.

^{page 228 note 3} Johnston, loc. cit. p. 63.

^{page 229 note 1} House, William J., ‘The State of Human Resources, Conditions of Employment and Determinants of Incomes and Poverty in Southern Sudan: evidence from Juba's informal economy’, I.L.O. Population and Labour Policies Programme, Working Paper No. 149, Geneva, 1985.Google Scholar

^{page 229 note 2} Republic of Sudan, The Six-Year Plan of Economic and Social Development, 1977/78–1982/83 (Juba, 1977).

^{page 230 note 1} House, William J. and Cohen, Barnet, ‘An Extended Socio-Economic and Demographic Profile of the Population of Urban Juba’, Juba 1986.Google Scholar