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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 November 2008
Among the problems confronting the developing countries, rural reform has received increasing attention from a variety of social scientists. There are several reasons for this new emphasis. In the pasts decade most of the struggles for independence have ended and the newly formed nations are beginning to focus on the complex issues of political integration and economic growth. Few areas reflect this change as dramatically as the Maghreb.
Page 187 note 1 There have, of course, been a number of books over the years on such problems as administration, finance, public health, and so forth, but only recently has more attention been given to their political aspects. In a sense, policy studies of developing countries seem to be just beginning. I have tried to put the cumulative effects of series of such policy problems in the perspective of political change in National Development and Local Reform (Princeton, 1967).Google Scholar
Page 188 note 1 There seems to be little doubt that food production per capita in North Africa has declined in the past twenty years. See Marthelot, Pierre, ‘Les Implications humaines de l'irrigation moderne en Afrique du Nord’, in Annuaire d'Afrique du Nord (Paris), 1962, pp. 126–54;Google Scholar also Tiano, André, La Politique économique et financière du Maroc indépendant (Paris, 1963).Google Scholar A very good bibliography on agriculture in North Africa is ‘Situation et perspectives de l'agriculture au Maghreb’, in Maghreb (Paris), xviii, 1966, pp. 28–48.Google Scholar For general figures on land distribution and ownership see Moati, Paul, ‘Le Développement de l'agriculture des trois pays d'Afrique du Nord’, in Revue française de l'agriculture (Paris), xiii, Summer 1966, pp. 23–6;Google Scholar and Sicard, Hervé, ‘Problémes fonciers au Maghreb’, in L'Afrique et l'Asie (Paris), 742, 1965, pp. 23–7.Google Scholar
Page 188 note 2 For general discussion see Blau, Peter M. and Scott, W. Richard, Formal Organizations (San Francisco, 1962);Google ScholarEtzioni, Amitai, Complex Organizations (New York, 1961);Google Scholar and Simon, Herbert A., Administrative Behaviour (New York, 2nd edn. 1957).Google Scholar
Page 190 note 1 Teillac, Jean, Autogestion en Algérie (Paris, 1965), p. 18.Google Scholar See also the first five chapters of Perroux, Francois (ed.), Problimes de l'Algérie indépendante (Paris, 1963),Google Scholar and Porter, David Lewis, ‘The Role of Workers’ Self-Management in Algerian Political Development (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1968).Google Scholar
Page 191 note 1 This conclusion is reached in an excellent report by Lazaref, George, ‘L'Autogestion agricole en Algérie’ (1964, mimeo), p. 21.Google Scholar Curiously, much the same conclusion is reached about Tunisia following her rural mobilisation efforts by Brahem, J. Ben, ‘Le “socialisme” destourien’, in Le Moride (Paris), 31 05 1966.Google Scholar
Page 191 note 2 El-Moujahid (Algiers), 3 12 1965,Google Scholar as quoted in Maghreb, XIIl, 1966, p. 19.Google Scholar An account of Ben Bellist policy is found in the F.L.N. publication, Comprendre l'autogeslion (Algiers, 1963)Google Scholar. See also Parodi, M., ‘L'autogestion des exploitations agricoles modernes en Algerie’, in Annuaire d'Afrique du Nord, 1963, pp. 61–84,Google Scholar and Temmar, Hamid, ‘Le Choix des organes de l'autogestion dans l'Algerie de l'ouest’, in Revue algérienne des sciences juridiques, politiques ci economiques (Algiers), iv, 12 1964, pp. 7–36.Google Scholar
Page 192 note 1 Le Monde, 26–27 06 1966.Google Scholar
Page 193 note 1 Le Monde, 5 and 18 10 1966.Google Scholar For additional comment on the difficulties of more comprehensive reform, see Bourdieu, Pierre, ‘Une Révolution dans une révolution’, in Esprit (Paris), 01 1961, pp. 25–40.Google Scholar
Page 193 note 2 Maghreb, xxviii, 1968, p. 11.Google Scholar
Page 195 note 1 The Moroccan agrarian reform problem received broad treatment in Dresch, Jean (ed.), Réforme agraire au Maghreb (Paris, 1963).Google Scholar See also Tiano, op. cit. and Marthelot, Pierre, ‘Historie et réalité de la modernisation du monde rural au Maroc’, in Tiers Monde (Paris), II, 6, 1961, pp. 144–64.Google Scholar
Page 195 note 2 chenebaux, A., ‘Maroc 1965’, in L'Afrique et l'Afrique et l'Asie, LXX, 1965, p. 43.Google Scholar
Page 195 note 3 New York Times, 27 09 1966.Google Scholar
Page 196 note 1 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The Economic Development of Morocco (Baltimore, 1966), pp. 94–105.Google Scholar
Page 196 note 2 Maghreb, XXIV, 1967, pp. 36–8.Google Scholar
Page 198 note 1 Younès, Henry, ‘L’ Expérience tunisience’, in Dévelopement et civilisations (Paris), xxii, 06 1965, pp. 28–34.Google Scholar
Page 199 note 1 The Economist (London), 19 10 1968, p. 57.Google Scholar
Page 199 note 2 Ashford, D. E., ‘Organization of cooperatives and the Structure of Power in Tunisia’, in The Journal of Developing Areas (Macomb, III.), I, 3, 04 1967, pp. 317–32.Google Scholar My figures differ slightly from those of Pierre Bicabe, ‘Le Développement du mouvement coopératif dans l'agriculture’, in Le Monde, 31 05 1966.Google Scholar
Page 199 note 3 Jeune Afrique (Paris), 3 01 1965.Google Scholar
Page 200 note 1 See Brahem, J. Ben, ‘Les Difficultés économiques de la Tunisie’, in Le Monde, 7 and 8 01 1966.Google Scholar
Page 200 note 2 See the analysis of party disassociation from planning programmes in Gallagher, Charles F., ‘Family Planning in Tunisia’, in American University Field Service Reports (New York), North African Series, XII, 2, 1966.Google Scholar Tunisian agriculture has also been handicapped with three consecutive years of inadequate rainfall.