^{Page 603 note 1} For example, Lofchie, Michael F., ‘Political and Economic Origins of African Hunger’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 13, 4, 12 1975, pp. 551–67;Google ScholarErgas, Zaki, ‘The State and Economic Deterioration: the Tanzanian case’, in The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (London), 20, 1982, pp. 286–308;Google Scholarde Wilde, John, Agriculture, Marketing and Politics (London), 20, 1982, pp. 286–308;Google Scholarde Wilde, John, Agriculture, Marketing and Pricing in Sub-Saharan Africa (Los Angeles, 1984);Google ScholarBates, Robert and Lofchie, Michael F. (eds.), Agricultural Development in Africa: issues of public policy (New York, 1980);Google Scholar World Bank, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: an agenda for action (Washington D.C., 1981);Google ScholarHyden, Goran, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: underdevelopment and an uncaptured peasantry (London, LosAngeles, and Berkeley, 1980);Google Scholar and Bates, Robert, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: the political basis of agricultural policies (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1981).Google Scholar

^{Page 603 note 2} Bhatia, Rattan, ‘Adjustment Efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980–84’, in Finance and Development (Washington, D.C.), 22, 3, 1985, pp. 19–22; and World Bank, op. cit.Google Scholar

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^{Page 604 note 1} Bates, op. cit. pp. 38–9; World Bank, op. cit. pp. 59–68; and Ergas, loc. cit. p. 292.

^{Page 604 note 2} Hecht, Robert M., ‘The Ivory Coast Economic “Miracle”: what benefits for peasant farmers?’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 21, 1, 03 1983, pp. 25–53, points out, however, that these comparisons may not be the most relevant if the concern is simply to increase overall output.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 605 note 1} Jackson, Henry, ‘The African Crisis: drought and debt’, in Foreign Affairs (New York), 63, 1985, pp. 1086–7.Google Scholar

^{Page 605 note 2} Apart from the publications already cited on p. 1, see Bates, Robert, Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa (Cambridge, 1983),Google ScholarRural Responses to Industrialization (New Haven, 1976),Google Scholar‘Some Conventional Orthodoxies in the Study of Agrarian Change’, in World Politics (Princeton), 36, 2, 01 1984, pp. 234–54,Google Scholar ‘The Commercialization of Agriculture and the Rise of Rural Political Protest in Black Africa’, in Hopkins, Raymond, Puchala, Donald, and Talbot, Ross (eds.), Food, Politics, and Agricultural Development (Boulder, 1979),Google Scholar and with Rogerson, William, ‘Agriculture in Development: a coalitional analysis’, in Public Choice (The Hague), 35, 1980, pp. 513–27.Google Scholar

^{Page 605 note 3} Lofchie, loc. cit.; Ergas, loc. cit.; Jones, David B., ‘State Structures in New Nations: the case of primary agricultural marketing in Africa’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 20, 4, 12 1982, pp. 553–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 607 note 1} See, especially, Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa, Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa, and Bates and Rogerson, loc. cit.

^{Page 607 note 2} Hyden, op. cit. pp. 9–37.

^{Page 609 note 1} Rasmussen, Thomas, ‘The Popular Basis of Anti-Colonial Protest’, in Tordoff, William (ed.), Politics in Zambia (Manchester, 1974), pp. 40–61.Google Scholar

^{Page 609 note 2} See Elliott, Charles, ‘Equity and Growth: an unresolved conflict in Zambian rural development policy’, in Ghai, Dharam and Radwan, Samir (eds.), Agrarian Policies and Rural Poverty in Africa (Geneva, 1983), pp. 155–89.Google Scholar

^{Page 610 note 1} Bates and Lofchie (eds.), op. cit. pp. 134–41; Quick, Stephen, ‘Bureaucracy and Rural Socialism’, Ph.D. dissertation, Standford University, 1975;Google Scholar and Scott, Ian, ‘Ideology, Party and the Cooperative Movement in Zambia’, in Journal of Administration Overseas (London), 19, 1980, pp. 228–38.Google Scholar

^{Page 611 note 1} Elliott, loc. cit. p. 170.

^{Page 611 note 2} Hybrid maize cannot be stored in traditional granaries for longer than a few months.

^{Page 611 note 3} Ocran, Modibo, ‘Towards a Jurisprudence of African Economic Development’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1971.Google Scholar

^{Page 611 note 4} The ‘line of rail’ refers to the areas close to the major north-south railway which bisects Zambia, and along which the major cities, the most productive farmland, and the major mineral deposits are located.

^{Page 611 note 5} Ocran, op. cit. pp. 152–67.

^{Page 612 note 1} Fry, James, ‘Rural–Urban Terms of Trade, 1960–73: a note’, in African Social Research (Lusaka), 19, 1975, pp. 730–8, and Employment and Income Distribution in the African Economy, pp. 74–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 612 note 2} International Labour Office, Basic Needs in an Economy under Pressure (Addis Ababa, 1981), Vol. 1, p. xxvi.Google Scholar

^{Page 612 note 3} See Pletcher, James, ‘Agricultural Policy and the Political Crisis in Zambia’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1982, pp. 188–91.Google Scholar

^{Page 613 note 1} Marter, Alan and Honeybone, David, Economic Resources of Rural Households and the Distribution of Agricultural Development (Lusaka, 1976).Google Scholar

^{Page 613 note 2} Wilde, De, op. cit. p. 72.Google Scholar

^{Page 613 note 3} Bates, Rural Responses to Industrialization, pp. 252–60.

^{Page 614 note 1} Zambia, , Monthly Digest of Statistics (Lusaka), 14, 07–09 1978.Google Scholar

^{Page 614 note 2} Fry, Employment and Income Distribution in the African Economy, pp. 122–3, 125, and 142.

^{Page 614 note 3} International Labour Office, Basic Needs in an Economy under Pressure (Addis Ababa, 1981), Vol. 11, p. 28.Google Scholar

^{Page 614 note 4} Elliott, loc. cit. p. 176.

^{Page 615 note 1} For the most complete treatment, see Scott, Ian, ‘Party Politics in Zambia’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1976.Google Scholar

^{Page 615 note 2} On agricultural credit, see Bratton, Michael, ‘Peasant and Party-State in Zambia’, Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis University, 1977, pp. 186–7;Google ScholarBates, Robert, ‘UNIP in a Luapula Village’, University of Zambia, Lusaka, 1972, p. 4. On control over licences, etc., see Scott, ‘Party Politics in Zambia’, pp. 246–7. On cooperatives, see Bates, Rural Responses to Industrialization, pp. 203–7, and Scott, ‘Party Politics in Zambia’, p. 289. see also Zambia Institute of Public Administration, Pilot Agricultural Mechanization Scheme’, Lusaka, 1972, pp. 1–4. Data on the manipulation of settlements are from the author's own fieldwork.Google Scholar

^{Page 616 note 1} The turnout of voters decreased throughout most of the 1970s, party positions were left vacant because few were willing to be nominated, and the votes against the one-candidate President increased in some key constituencies. Chikulo, Bornwell, ‘Elections in a One Party Participatory Democracy’, in Turok, Ben (ed.), Development in Zambia (London, 1979), p. 208;Google ScholarGertzel, Cherry, Baylies, Carolyn, and Szeftel, Morris (eds.), The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia (Manchester, 1984), especially pp. 51, 90–2, and 94–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 616 note 2} Scott, Ian, ‘Middle Class Politics in Zambia’, in African Affairs (London), 77, 308, 07 1978, pp. 322–4;Google Scholar Gertzel, Bayliess, and Szeftel (eds.), op. cit.; Eriksen, Karen, ‘Zambia: class formation and detente’, in Review of African Political Economy (Sheffield), 9, 1978, pp. 12–13;Google ScholarBaylies, Carolyn, ‘The State and Class Formation in Zambia’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1978;Google ScholarParpart, Jane L. and Shaw, Timothy M., ‘Contradiction and Coalition: class fractions in Zambia, 1964–1984’, in Africa Today (Denver), 30, 3, 1983, pp. 23–50;Google ScholarSouthall, Tony, ‘Class Formation and Government Policy in the 1970's’, in Journal of Southern African Studies (Oxford), 7, 1980, pp. 91–108;Google Scholar and Carolyn Baylies and Morris Szeftel, ‘The Rise of a Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970's’, in ibid. 8, 1982, p. 195.

^{Page 616 note 3} Gertzel, Baylies, and Szeftel (eds.), op. cit. pp. 11 and 25, incl. fn. 52.

^{Page 616 note 4} Southall, ‘Class Formation and Government Policy in the 1970's’, and Szeftel, Morris, ‘Political Graft and the Spoils System in Zambia — the State as a Resource in Itself’, in Review of African Political Economy, 24, 1982, pp. 4–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar