^{Page 489 note 1} Korany, Bahgat, ‘Foreign Policy in the Third World: an introduction’, in International Political Science Review (Beverly Hills), 5, 1984, p. 7.Google Scholar

^{Page 491 note 1} See ‘70th Birthday Tribute to Basil Davidson’, in Third World Book Review (London), 1, 3, 1985, pp. 6–13.Google Scholar

^{Page 491 note 2} See Luke, David F. and Shaw, Timothy M., ‘Introduction: continental crisis and the significance of the Lagos Plan of Action’, in their collection on Continental Crisis: the Lagos Plan of Action and Africa's future (Lanham and London, 1984), pp. 1–9.Google Scholar

^{Page 491 note 3} For one attempt to relate these intellectual and evolutionary interactions among scholarly studies and organisations, see Shaw, Timothy M., Towards a Political Economy for Africa: the dialectics of dependence (London and Basingstoke, 1985), especially pp. 104–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 493 note 1} See Dessouki, Ali E. Hillal and Korany, Bahgat, ‘A Literature Survey and a Framework for Analysis’, ‘The Global System and Arab Foreign Policies: the primacy of constraints’, and ‘Foreign Policy Process in the Arab World: a comparative perspective’, in their Foreign Policies of Arab States, pp. 5–39 and 323–31.Google Scholar

^{Page 494 note 1} Dessouki and Korany, ‘A Literature Survey and a Framework for Analysis’, p. 2.

^{Page 495 note 1} Dessouki, and Korany, , ‘Foreign Policy Process in the Arab World’, p. 329. One of them has since offered a comparative collection in response to the suggestion: Bahgat, Korany (ed.) How Foreign Policy Decisions are Made in the Third World: a comparative analysis (Boulder, 1986).Google Scholar

^{Page 495 note 2} Cf. the pioneering yet dependentiste collection by Nore, Petter and Turner, Terisa (eds.), Oil and Class Struggle (London, 1980).Google Scholar

^{Page 495 note 3} See the comparative conceptualisation based on the Brazilian case by Peter, Evans, Dependent Development: the alliance of multinational, state and local capital in Brazil (Princeton, 1979), pp. 11 and 313.Google Scholar

^{Page 495 note 4} See Korany, Bahgat, ‘Third Worldism and Pragmatic Radicalism: the foreign policy of Algeria’, and ‘Defending the Faith: the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia’, in Korany, Dessouki et al. op.cit. pp. 103 and 277. On similar instances in the Nigerian case,Google Scholar see Shaw, Timothy M. and Aluko, Olajide(eds.),Nigerian Foreign Policy: alternative perceptions and projections (London and New York 1983), especially pp. 26, 77–92, and 108–9.Google Scholar

^{Page 496 note 1} See, for example, Gavshon, Arthur, Crisis in Africa: battleground of East and West (Harmondsworth, 1981).Google Scholar Cf. the rather ahistoric and static collection for the Council on Foreign Relations by Foltz, William J. and Bienen, Henry S. (eds.), Arms and the African: military influences on Africa's international relations (New Haven, 1985).Google Scholar

^{Page 496 note 2} In addition, Arlinghaus, Bruce E. has recently edited Arms of Africa: military assistance and foreign policy in the developing world (Lexington, 1983),Google ScholarAfrican Security Issues: sovereignty, stability and solidarity (Boulder, 1984),Google Scholar and (with Baker, Pauline H.), African Armies: evolution and capabilities (Boulder, 1985).Google Scholar

^{Page 497 note 1} Arlinghaus, Military Development in Africa, pp. 7–15: (i) that the military are ‘political modernisers’ and ‘nation builders’; (ii) that militarism is becoming rampant, (iii) that disarmament is producing development, and (iv) that new conventional weapons are revolutionising military development.

^{Page 497 note 2} Thom, William G., ‘Sub-Saharan Africa's Changing Military Environment’, in Armed Forces and Society (Cabin John, Maryland), 11, Fall 1984, p. 55.Google Scholar

^{Page 497 note 3} Note the radical straegic studies for Africa by Luckham, Robin and Bekele, Diwit, ‘Foreign Powers and Militarism in the Horn of Africa’, in Review of African Political Economy (Sheffield), 30, 09 1984, pp. 9–20 and 31, and December 1984, pp. 7–28.Google Scholar

^{Page 498 note 1} Korany, Bahgat, ‘The Take-Off of Third World Studies? The Case of Foreign Policy’, in World Politics (Princeton), 35, 04 1983, p. 487.Google Scholar

^{Page 498 note 2} Gromyko et al. op. cit. p. 198.

^{Page 498 note 3} Ibid. p. 75.

^{Page 499 note 1} Freund, op. cit. pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

^{Page 499 note 2} See Shaw, Timothy M., ‘Non-Alignment and the New International Economic Order’, in Herb, Addo (ed.), Transforming the World Economy? Nine Critical Essays on the New International Economic Order (London, 1984), pp. 138–62.Google Scholar

^{Page 499 note 3} See Adedeji, Adebayo and Shaw, Timothy M. (eds.), Economic Crisis in Africa: African perspectives on development problems and potentials (Boulder, 1985).Google Scholar

^{Page 500 note 1} Gromyko et al. op. cit. p. 198.

^{Page 500 note 2} Ibid. pp. 169 and 76.

^{Page 501 note 1} See my attempt to focus on economy rather than on ecology, and on the informal rather than the formal sector, in ‘Towards a Political Economy of the African Crisis: diplomacy, debates and dialectics’, in Michael, Glantz and Maria, Kranz (eds.), Denying Famine a Future: drought and hunger in Africa (New York, 1986), ch. 7.Google Scholar

^{Page 501 note 2} Cf. Manfred Bienefeld, ‘Analysing the Politics of African State Policy: some thoughts on Robert Bates’ work’, and Bates, Robert, ‘The Politics of Agricultural Policy – a Reply’, in IDS Bulletin, (Brighton), 17, 1, 01 1986, pp. 5–15.Google Scholar

^{Page 502 note 1} For contemporary work within this neo-behavioural, non-structural mode, see Rothchild, Donald and Curry, Robert L. Jr, Scarcity, Choice, and Public Policy in Middle Africa (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1978),Google Scholar and Donald, Rothchild and Olorunsola, Victor A. (eds.), State versus Ethnic Claims: African policy dilemmas (Boulder, 1983).Google Scholar

^{Page 502 note 2} See Munck, Ronaldo, Politics and Dependency in the Third World: the case of Latin America (London, 1984), pp. 31 and 12.Google Scholar

^{Page 503 note 1} See Zartman, I. William, ‘Explaining the Nearly Inexplicable: the absence of Islam in Moroccan foreign policy’, in Adeed, Dawisha (ed.), Islam in Foreign Policy (Cambridge, for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1983), pp. 97–111.Google Scholar

^{Page 503 note 2} Ali E. Hillal Dessouki, ‘The Limits of Instrumentalism: Islam in Egypt's foreign policy’, in ibid. p. 85.

^{Page 504 note 1} See Shaw, Timothy M., ‘The Future of the Fourth World: choices of and constraints on the very poor in the 1980s’, in Denis, Pirages and Christine, Sylvester (eds.), The Transformation of the Global Political Economy (Boulder), forthcoming.Google Scholar

^{Page 504 note 2} Gromyko et al. op. cit. p. 51.

^{Page 504 note 3} See the trio of I.B.R.D. reports on and responses to the African crisis, from the didactic ‘Bergreport’ to a consensual ‘program’: Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: an agenda for action (Washington, D.C., 1981),Google Scholar and Sub-Saharan Africa: progress report on development prospects and programs (Washington, D.C., 1983),Google Scholar and Toward Sustained Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: a joint program of action (Washington, D.C., 1984).Google Scholar

^{Page 504 note 4} See Adedeji, and Shaw, (eds.), Economic Crisis in Africa;Google ScholarBrowne, Robert S. and Cummings, Robert J. (eds.), The Lagos Plan of Action un the Berg Roport: contemporary issues in African economic development (Washington, D.C., 1984),Google Scholar and Shaw, Timothy M. (ed.), Alternative Futures for Africa (Boulder, 1982).Google Scholar

^{Page 505 note 1} See Arlinghaus, op.cit. pp. 83–92. See also Bassey, Celestine, ‘Collective Amnesia or Perpetual Debate? The African Security Agenda’, in Luke, and Shaw, (eds.), op.cit. pp. 103–30.Google Scholar

^{Page 505 note 2} See ECA andAfrica's Development 1983–2008: a preliminary prespective study (Addis Ababa, 1983), passim, especially pp. 2 and 93–103.Google Scholar

^{Page 505 note 3} See Shaw, Towards a Political Economy for Africa, pp. 105–6.

^{Page 506 note 1} Munck, op.cit. pp. 64, 353, and 358. For a very promising attempt to supply such a nuanced perspective to African cases, see Lubeck, Paul M. (ed.), The African Bourgeoisie: development in Nigeria, Kenya and Ivory Coast (Boulder), forthcoming.Google Scholar

^{Page 507 note 1} See Robin, Cohen (ed.), African Islands and Enclaves (Beverly Hills, 1983).Google Scholar

^{Page 507 note 2} On the importance of the informal sector, see Naomi, Chazan and Donald, Rothchild (eds.), The Reordering of the State in Africa (Boulder, 1986),Google Scholar and Naomi, Chazan and Shaw, Timothy M. (eds.), Coping in Africa's Food Crisis: comparative cases and popular responses (Boulder, forthcoming).Google Scholar

^{Page 507 note 3} See, for example, new yet orthodox texts by Hodder-Williams, Richard, An Introduction to the Politics of Tropical Africa (London, 1984),Google Scholar and Tordoff, William, Government and Politics in Africa (Bloomington, 1984).Google Scholar

^{Page 507 note 4} For preliminary attempts to do so, see from contrary perspectives: Sandbrook, Richard, The Politics of Basic Needs: urban aspects of assaulting poverty in Africa (London, 1982),Google ScholarAke, Claude, A Politics Economy of Africa (London, 1981),Google Scholar and Jerker, Carlsson (ed.), Recession in Africa (Uppsala, 1983).Google Scholar