^{Page 303 note 1} For further details, see Holland, Martin, ‘The European Community and South Africa: economic reality or political rhetoric?’, in Political Studies (Oxford), 33, 1985, pp. 399–417.Google Scholar

^{Page 303 note 2} See Holland, Martin, The European Community and South Africa: European Political cooperation under strain (London, 1988), ch. 2.Google Scholar

^{Page 304 note 1} Green, Reginald H. and Thompson, C. B., ‘Political Economies in Conflict: SADCC, South Africa and sanctions’, in Phyllis, Johnson and Diane, Martin (eds.), Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at war (Harare, 1986), pp. 245–80.Google Scholar

^{Page 304 note 2} Holland, loc. cit. pp. 400–2.

^{Page 304 note 3} Friedland, Elaine, ‘The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference and the West: co-operation or conflict?’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 23, 2, 06 1985, p. 288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 304 note 4} Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference: 1985–86 Annual Progress ReportLuanda,1985, pp. 3–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 304 note 5} Green and Thompson, loc. cit. p. 266.

^{Page 304 note 6} Kibble, Steve and Bush, Ray, ‘Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 24, 2, 06 1986, p. 213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 304 note 7} Yudelman, David and Jeeves, Alan, ‘New Labour Frontiers for Old: black migrants to the South African gold mines’, in Journal of Southern African Studies (Oxford), 13, 1986, p. 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 305 note 1} Keesings Contemporary Archives (Harlow, Essex), 32, 1986, p. 34, 595.

^{Page 305 note 2} Becker, C. M., ‘Economic Sanctions Against South Africa’, in World Politics (Princeton), 39, 1987, p. 151.Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 3} de Vletter, Fion, ‘Foreign Labour on South African Gold Mines: new insights on an old problem’, in International Labour Review (Geneva), 126, 1987, p. 214.Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 4} Innes, Duncan, ‘The Great Sanctions Debate’, in Work in Progress (Southern Africa Research Services, Johannesburg), 44, 1986, p. 34.Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 5} South African Institute for Race Relations, Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1982 (Johannesburg, 1982), p. 98.Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 6} Keesings Contemporary Archives, 32, 1986, p. 34, 601.

^{Page 305 note 7} Africa Research Bulletin (Exeter), August 1986, p. 8, 311, gave the following estimate of the B.L.S. percentages of total revenue derived from the Southern African Customs Union:

^{Page 306 note 1} South Africa Foundation, Information Digest, 1987 (Johannesburg, 1987), p. 92.Google Scholar

^{Page 306 note 2} Kibble and Bush, loc. cit. p. 215.

^{Page 306 note 3} European Parliament, ‘Scott-Hopkins Report of the Political Affairs Committee on Southern Africa’, Working Document 1–657, 1982, Luxembourg, p. 97.

^{Page 306 note 4} Association of Western European Parliamentarians Aganist Apartheid, ‘Southern Africa's Future: Europe's röle’, The Hague, 1987, p. 20.

^{Page 306 note 5} Thompson, C. B., ‘Regional Economic Policy Under Crisis Conditions: the case of agriculture within SADCC’, in Journal of Southern African Studies, 13, 1986, p. 88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 306 note 6} Green and Thompson, loc. cit. p. 265.

^{Page 308 note 1} Commission of the European Communities, ‘The European Community and South Africa’, Brussels, 1981, p. 14. S.A.D.C.C. is neither an embryonic federation of states nor a treaty organisation; it does not have a central planning or implementation body; and it does not act as a common market. The member-states co-operate only in those areas where joint action is more effective than uncoordinated national efforts.

^{Page 308 note 2} Association of Western European Parliamentarians, op. cit. p. 4.

^{Page 308 note 3} Ibid. p. 10.

^{Page 309 note 1} S.A.D.C.C., 1985–86 Annual Progress Report, p. 10.

^{Page 309 note 2} Hanlon, Joseph, Beggar Your Neighbour: apartheid power in South Africa (London, 1986).Google Scholar

^{Page 309 note 3} Association of Western European Parliamentarians, op. cit. p. 25.

^{Page 309 note 4} The Courier (Brussels), 95, 1986, p. 44. This total is based on the following estimates: direct war damage (U.S.$1, 610 m.); additional military expenditure ($3,060 m.); higher transport/energy costs ($970 m.); lost exports/tourism ($230 m.); smuggling ($190 m.); refugees ($660 m.); reduced production ($800 m.); lost economic growth ($2,000 m.); boycotts and embargoes ($260 m.); and disadvantageous trading arrangements ($340 m.).

^{Page 309 note 5} The Courier, 96, 1986, p. 20.

^{Page 310 note 2} Africa News (Durham, N. C.), 8 December 1986, p. 12.

^{Page 310 note 3} South (London), May 1987, p. 29.

^{Page 310 note 4} Africa Research Bulletin, March 1987, p. 8,579.

^{Page 311 note 1} Ibid. November 1986, p. 8,422.

^{Page 311 note 2} Association of Western European Parliamentarians, op. cit. p. 31.

^{Page 311 note 3} Friedland, loc. cit. p. 293.

^{Page 311 note 4} Bilateral aid for non-industrial projects, however, has been substantial. For example, in addition to their E.C. contribution, the British donated £107 million in bilateral aid to the S.A.D.C.C. states in 1986, and allocated £35 million for S.A.D.C.C. projects in 1987.

^{Page 312 note 1} Paul Goodison, ‘ICA's Programme on Regional Development Strategies: focus on Southern Africa’, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, November 1987.

^{Page 312 note 2} Foreign Ministers of the European Community, ‘Statement on South Africa’, Brussels, 15 September 1986.

^{Page 314 note 1} European Community, Directorate-General VIII, ‘Guidelines of the Implementation of the Community's Special Programme for Victims of Apartheid (Budget Article 953)’, Brussels, 1986.

^{Page 314 note 2} For an examination of the role of the European N.G.O.s, see ‘Ten Years of EEC-NGO Cooperation’, in The Courier, 98, 1986, pp. 14–16.

^{Page 317 note 1} Holland, op. cit.

^{Page 318 note 1} Ibid. and ‘The EEC Code for South Africa: a reassessment’, in The World Today (London), 1985, pp. 12–14.Google Scholar