Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T14:59:59.588Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Land restitution, traditional leadership and belonging: defining Barokologadi identity*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2013

Robin L. Turner*
Affiliation:
Butler University, Department of Political Science, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208

Abstract

How do government policies and practices affect struggles over collective identity and struggles over land? Examining the interconnections among collective identity struggles, land struggles and state policies and practices in post-apartheid South Africa, this paper argues that the government's contradictory policies and ambivalent practices have aggravated collective struggles over the boundaries of belonging. Specifically, the differing definitions of community set forth in traditional leadership, land tenure and land restitution policies exacerbate existing divisions among ‘communities’ concurrently subject to these policies and create practical policy dilemmas for decision-makers. This paper illustrates the interplay between public policies and collective identity struggles through close examination of struggles among the Barokologadi ba ga Maotwe, a so-called traditional community. The Barokologadi case underscores the necessity of attending to these interactions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

I gratefully acknowledge the research assistance of Thomas Fryska, Kemmone Moagi and Joseph Pelanyane.

References

REFERENCES

Agrawal, A. & Gibson, C.. 1999. ‘Enchantment and disenchantment: the role of community in natural resource conservation’, World Development 27, 4: 629–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, S. 2000. Chiefs Know Their Boundaries: essays on property, power, and the past in Asante, 1896–1996. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Berry, S. 2002. ‘The everyday politics of rent-seeking: land allocation on the outskirts of Kumase, Ghana’, in Juul, K. & Lund, C., eds. Negotiating Property in Africa, 107–33.Google Scholar
Berry, S. 2009. ‘Property, authority and citizenship: land claims, politics and the dynamics of social division in West Africa’, Development and Change 40, 1: 2345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bøås, M. 2012. ‘Autochthony and citizenship: “civil society” as vernacular architecture?Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 6, 1: 91105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, C. 2007. ‘Property and constitutional order: land tenure reform and the future of the African state’, African Affairs 106, 425: 557–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breutz, P. L. 1953. The Tribes of Rustenburg and Pilanesberg Districts. Pretoria: South African Department of Native Affairs.Google Scholar
Claassens, A. 2011. ‘Resurgence of tribal levies: double taxation for the rural poor’, South Africa Crime Quarterly 35: 1116.Google Scholar
Claassens, A. & Cousins, B., eds. 2008. Land, Power & Custom: controversies generated by South Africa's Communal Land Rights Act. Cape Town: UCT Press and Legal Resources Centre.Google Scholar
Claassens, A. & Ngubane, S. 2008. ‘Women, land and power: the impact of the Communal Land Rights Act’, in Claassens, A. & Cousins, B., eds. Land, Power & Custom, 154–83.Google Scholar
Cousins, B. 2007. ‘More than socially embedded: the distinctive character of “communal tenure” regimes in South Africa and its implications for land policy’, Journal of Agrarian Change 7, 3: 281315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cousins, B. 2008. ‘Contextualizing the controversies: dilemmas of communal tenure reform in post-apartheid South Africa’, in Claassens, A. & Cousins, B., eds. Land, Power & Custom, 331.Google Scholar
Davies, R. 1997. ‘Madikwe Game Reserve: a partnership in conservation’, in Johnson, P. A., ed. Madikwe Game Reserve: a synopsis. Mafikeng: North West Parks and Tourism Board, 4962.Google Scholar
Delius, P. 2008. ‘Contested terrain: land rights and chiefly power in historical perspective’, in Claassens, A. & Cousins, B., eds. Land, Power & Custom, 211–37.Google Scholar
Dzingirai, V. 2003. ‘“CAMPFIRE is not for Ndebele migrants”: the impact of excluding outsiders from CAMPFIRE in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe’, Journal of Southern African Studies 29, 2: 445–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortin, E. 2010. ‘Struggles with activism: NGO engagements with land tenure reform in post-apartheid South Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies 48, 3: 383411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschiere, P. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: autochthony, citizenship, and exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, A. & Ferguson, J.. 1992. ‘Beyond culture: space, identity, and the politics of difference’, Cultural Anthropology 7, 1: 623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammar, A. 2002. ‘The articulation of modes of belonging: competing land claims in Zimbabwe's Northwest’, in Juul, K. & Lund, C., eds. Negotiating Property in Africa, 211–46.Google Scholar
Juul, K. & Lund, C., eds. 2002. Negotiating Property in Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Kleinbooi, K. 2012. ‘Special edition: reintroducing the contentious traditional courts bill’, Umhlaba Wethu 14: 1.Google Scholar
Li, T. M. 1996. ‘Images of community: discourse and strategy in property relations’, Development and Change 27, 3: 501–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, T. M. 2002. ‘Engaging simplifications: community-based resource management, market processes and state agendas in upland Southeast Asia’, World Development 30, 2: 265–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, C. 2008. Local Politics and the Dynamics of Property in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamdani, M. 2002. ‘African states, citizenship and war: a case-study’, International Affairs 78, 3: 493506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meer, S., ed. 1997. Women, Land and Authority: perspectives from South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip.Google Scholar
Moore, S. F. 1998. ‘Changing African land tenure: reflections on the incapacities of the state’, European Journal of Development Research 10, 2: 3349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ntsebeza, L. 2005. Democracy Compromised: chiefs and the politics of the land in South Africa. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ntsebeza, L. & Hall, R., eds. 2007. The Land Question in South Africa: the challenge of transformation and redistribution. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.Google Scholar
Ntshabele, D. 2006. ‘Reflections about gender equality in the institution of traditional leadership in South Africa’, in Gender Studies Here and Now. Pretoria: Foundation of Tertiary Institutions in the Northern Metropolis.Google Scholar
Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O. 2008. ‘The nature of land rights under indigenous law in Africa’, in Claassens, A. & Cousins, B., eds. Land, Power & Custom, 95108.Google Scholar
Oomen, B. 2005. Chiefs in South Africa: law, power and culture in the post-apartheid era. New York, NY: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, P. E. 2002. ‘The limits of negotiability: security, equity and class formation in Africa's land system’, in Juul, K. & Lund, C., eds. Negotiating Property in Africa, 4566.Google Scholar
Peters, P. E. 2004. ‘Inequality and social conflict over land in Africa’, Journal of Agrarian Change 4, 3: 269314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schapera, I. 1970. A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom. London: F. Cass.Google Scholar
Smith, H. 2008. ‘An overview of the Communal Land Rights Act 11 of 2004’, in Claassens, A. & Cousins, B., eds. Land, Power and Custom, 3571.Google Scholar
Tlou, T. 1974. ‘The nature of Batswana states: towards a theory of Batswana traditional government’, Botswana Notes and Records 6, 5775.Google Scholar
Walker, C. 2008. Landmarked: land claims and land restitution in South Africa. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. 2009. ‘Legislating “tradition” in South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies 35, 1: 191209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS

Barokologadi Royal Council. 2001. ‘Barokologadi Royal Council constitution’.Google Scholar
Barokologadi ba Maotwe Community Forum. 2004, 26 June. ‘Memorandum to Kgosi Thari Maotwe’.Google Scholar
Bophuthatswana. 1958. ‘Definition of the Area of the Barokologadi Tribe and the Establishment of the Barokologadi Tribal Authority: Pilanesburg District’, Bophuthatswana Government Gazette.Google Scholar
Bophuthatswana. 1959. ‘Modification of the Area of the Barokologadi Tribe and the Barokologadi Tribal Authority under Chief Olefile Thekwane Maoto in the Pilanesburg Area, Rustenburg District’, Bophuthatswana Government Gazette.Google Scholar
Commission on Restitution of Land Rights (CRLR). 2007. Settlement agreement entered into between Department of Land Affairs, Department of Agriculture Conservation and Environment-North West Province, North West Parks and Tourism Board, Commission on Restitution of Land Rights, Division of Water Affairs and Forestry, Moses Kotane Municipality, and Barokologadi Communal Property Association. Pretoria: CRLR.Google Scholar
Madikwe Communities. 2003. ‘Submission to the Portfolio Committee for Land and Agriculture regarding the Communal Land Rights Bill’.Google Scholar
Molwantwa, T. Z., Mogale, C., Barokologadi Communal Property Association, & Land Access Movement of South Africa. 2010. ‘Submission to the Portfolio Committee on Rural Development and Land Reform for the Public Hearing on the Black Authorities Act Repeal Bill’, available at: http://www.pmg.org.za/files/docs/100720lamosa_0.pdf, accessed 17.4.2013.Google Scholar
Molwantwa, T. Z. & Madikwe Council. 2003. ‘Submission to the Portfolio Committee for Land and Agriculture for the Public Hearing on the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Bill’.Google Scholar

Interviews

Refiloe Zipporan Chuma, Madikwe Game Reserve official, Madikwe Game Reserve, 22.6.2010.Google Scholar
Rapoodile Nelson Makganye, Pitsedisulejang, 28.2.2006.Google Scholar
Tsholofelo Zebulon Molwantwa, Barokologadi Communal Property Association Chair, Krugersdorp, 8.2.2006 & Sebele farm, 22.6.2010.Google Scholar
Nicolus William Rametsi, Pitsedisulejang, 22.2.2006 and 19.6.2010.Google Scholar
Resident, Pitsedisulejang, 10.6.2010.Google Scholar
Department of Rural Development official, Johannesburg, 7.7.2010.Google Scholar
Barokologadi person, Pretoria, 27.6.2010.Google Scholar
Barokologadi person, Midrand, 7.7.2010.Google Scholar
Lindy Rodwell Van Hasselt, Madikwe field guide program manager, Johannesburg, 7.7.2010.Google Scholar