¹ The Tswana are ‘among the most rigidly stratified of any in southern Africa’, according to Holm, John D., ‘Botswana: a paternalistic democracy’, in Diamond, Larry, Linz, Juan J., and Lipset, Seymour Martin (eds.), Democracy in Developing Countries, Vol. 2, Africa (Boulder and London, 1988), p. 183.Google ScholarPeters, Pauline E., ‘Struggles Over Water, Struggles Over Meaning: cattle, water and the state in Botswana’, in Africa (London), 54, 3, 1984, p. 33, refers to ‘the highly centralised hierarchical’ Tswana chiefdoms.Google Scholar

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²⁴ Idi Amin's Uganda, Ignatius Acheampong's Ghana, and Mobutu Sese Seko's Zaïre are oftquoted examples of predatory régimes, while Kenneth Kaunda's one-party state in Zambia would typify the larger group of consumptionist, urban-biased political élites which have been uninterested in agricultural production.

²⁵ Botswana experienced ‘the most rapid rate of growth of GNP per capita (8·3 per cent) of any country in the world’ from 1965 to 1985, according to Harvey, Charles and Lewis, Stephen R. Jr., Policy Choice and Development Performance in Botswana (London, 1990), p. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³³ See, for example, Good, Kenneth, ‘Zambia: back into the future’, in Third World Quarterly (London), 10, 1, 01 1988, pp. 37–53,Google Scholar and ‘Debt and the One-Party State in Zambia’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 27, 2, 06 1989, pp. 297–313.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Zambia has perhaps epitomised the problem of proliferating stultifying parastatals. See, for example, Good, Kenneth, ‘Systemic Agricultural Mismanagement: the 1985 “bumper” harvest in Zambia’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 24, 1, 03 1986, pp. 257–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁶⁴ The words ‘Basarwa’ and, even more so, ‘Masarwa’ carry strong derogatory connotations according to Wilmsen, Edwin N., ‘The Real Bushman is the Male One: labour and power in the creation of Basarwa ethnicity’, in Botswana Notes and Records, 22, 1990, pp. 21–35.Google Scholar

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⁹² Pelonomi Venson, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Local Government and Lands, in ibid. 19 April 1991.

⁹³ At the end of the 1970s it was stated in Wily, op. cit. p. 94, that much of the direction of policy making on ranching and tenure ‘does not bode well for any poor tribesman, let alone San’.

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