¹ See, for example, World Bank, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: an agenda for action (Washington, DC, 1981)Google Scholar and Adjustment in Africa: reforms, results, and the road ahead (Washington, DC, 1994).Google Scholar

² World Bank and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Africa's Adjustment and Growth in the 1980s (Washington, DC, 1989), and Adjustment in Africa.Google Scholar

³ Guinea possesses roughly 20,000 million tonnes of high (45–62%) alumina and low (0·8–2%) silica content.Google Scholar

⁴ World Bank, Guinea: mining sector review (Washington, DC, 10 07 1990), Report No. 8692, p. 10.Google Scholar

⁵ Guinea has been favourably endowed with four distinct climatic zones: a high rainfall coastal region (Guinée-Maritime), the dryer plateau and mountains of the Fouta Djallon (Moyenne-Guinée), the hot and dry savannah lands (Haute-Guinée), and a tropical forest (Guinée-Forestière).

⁶ Cournanel, Alain, ‘Économic politique de la Guinée, 1958–1981’, in Bernstein, Henry and Campbell, Bonnie K. (eds.), Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa: studies in economy and state (Beverly Hills and London, 1985), pp. 207–47.Google Scholar

⁷ Guinea, , Programme intérimaire de redressement national, 1985–1987 (Conakry, 11 1985).Google Scholar

⁸ World Bank, Republic of Guinea. Country Economic Memorandum, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC, 16 11 1990), Report No. 8774, p. 32.Google Scholar

⁹ See, for example, Campbell, Bonnie, ‘Negotiating the Bauxite/Aluminium Sector Under Narrowing Constraints’, in Review of African Political Economy (Sheffield), 51, 07 1991, pp. 27–49.Google Scholar

¹⁰ The ownership of the Halco Mining consortium was divided as follows: Alcan Aluminium Ltd, 27%; Aluminium Co. of America, 27%; Harvey Aluminium Inc., 20%; Pechiney Ugine, 10%; Vereinigte Aluminium Werke AG, 10%; and Montecatini Edison, 6%.

¹¹ See Campbell, Bonnie, Les Enjeux de la bauxite: la Guinée face aux multinationales de l'aluminium (Montreal and Geneva, 1983), ch. 4.Google Scholar

¹² Frialco's shares were mainly held by Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, United States (48·5%) and Pechiney Ugine, France (26·5%), with the rest being distributed between British Aluminium Company (10%), Aluminium Industrie AG, Switzerland (10%), and Vereinigte Aluminium Werke AG, Germany (5%).

¹³ The private partners in Friguia, after various renegotiations, were: Noranda, Canada (19·6 %); Pechiney, France (18·6 %); British Alcan, United Kingdom (5.1 %); Alusuisse, Switzerland (5·1 %); and VAW, Germany (2·6 %).

¹⁴ Larrue, Jacques, ‘Fria en Guinée: des aspects humains d'une industrialisation différente’, in Cahiers d'histoire de l'aluminium (Paris), 7, Winter, 1990–1991, p. 48.Google Scholar

¹⁵ World Bank, Guinea: agricultural sector review (Washington, DC, 1984), p. 15.Google Scholar

¹⁶ See, for example, Yansané, Aguibou Y., Decolonization in West African States with French Colonial Legacy: comparison and contrast. Development in Guinea, the Ivory Coast and Senegal, 1945–1980 (Cambridge, MA, 1984), pp. 154–82.Google Scholar

¹⁷ For example, official rice producer prices did not change from 1975 to 1982, while those for coffee went unchanged between 1979 and 1982, despite wide fluctuations on world markets. See Arulpragasam, Jehan and Sahn, David E., ‘Economic Reform in Guinea: adjusting for the past’, Cornell University Food and Nutrition Policy Programme, Washington, DC, 1991, pp. 75–7.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Azarya, Victor and Chazan, Naomi, ‘Disengagement from the State in Africa: reflections on the experience of Ghana and Guinea’, in Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge), 29, 1, 01 1987, pp. 107–31.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Guinea: agricultural sector review, p. 15.

²⁰ World Bank, Guinea: conditions for economic growth. A Country Economic Memorandum (Washington, DC, 1984) and Guinea: agricultural sector review.Google Scholar

²¹ World Bank, Report and Recommendation of the President of the IDA to the Executive Directors on a Proposed Credit to the Republic of Guinea for a Structural Adjustment Programme (Washington, DC, 1986).Google Scholar

²² For a detailed account of these negotiations, see Bonnie Campbell, ‘The Consequences for a Bauxite-Producing Country of the Renegotiation of the Bauxite Levy: the example of Guinea’, prepared for the Negotiations Branch, Non-Ferrous Metal Industries Expert Working Group, United Nations Industrialm Development Organisation (Unido), Vienna, May 1986. The outcome of the talks ultimately affected other producers such as Brazil, Jamaica, and Suriname.

²³ Wall Street Journal (New York), 18 03 1986.Google Scholar

²⁴ Well-informed sources suggest that the World Bank also took part in these negotiations in view of the drastic implications that significant price reductions would have on export earnings so necessary to the reform process in which the IFIs and other multi- and bilateral donors were by now heavily involved in conceptualising and financing. Any reduction of output, as in fact occurred at CBG from 11 to 9·6 million tonnes per year, or in price, implied shortfalls that would have to be financed by grants from the international community or else entail an equivalent reduction in the country's investment programme.

²⁵ ‘Guinea Counts Cost of Bauxite Deal’, in Financial Times (London), 1 04 1985,Google Scholar and US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, ‘The Mineral Industry of Guinea’, in Mineral Yearbook (Washington, DC, 1987), p. 2.Google Scholar

²⁶ The contract signed between the Government and CBG, which came into effect in 1988, must be seen as a complete package, including a pricing formula, provisions for minimal tonnage to be purchased, tax arrangements, provisions to finance infrastructure, etc. In this article, only the most critical elements have been emphasised. For a more complete discussion, see Campbell, Bonnie, ‘Guinea and the Process of Restructuring the International Aluminium Industry in the 1980s’, in Campbell, and Ericsson, Magnus (eds.), Competitiveness, Global Restructuring and Relocation: the aluminium industry revisited (London, forthcoming).Google Scholar

²⁷ Republic of Guinea. Country Economic Memorandum, Vol. 2, p. 36.Google Scholar

²⁸ See Yansané, Aguibou Y., ‘Guinea: the significance of the coup of April 1984 and economic issues’, in World Development (Oxford), 18, 9, 1990, pp. 1231–46.Google Scholar

²⁹ See Graybeal, N. Lynn and Picard, Louis A., ‘Internal Capacity and Overload in Guinea and Niger’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 29, 2, 06 1991, pp. 275–300.Google Scholar

³⁰ Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, 1994–95 (London, 1994), p. 28,Google Scholar and World Bank, Trends in Developing Economies (Washington, DC, 1994), p. 201.Google Scholar

³¹ Country Profile, p. 20.

³² Trends in Developing Economies, p. 201.

³³ The Friguia alumina plant achieved exports of 615,900 tonnes in 1992 and 611,000 tonnes in 1993. Economic Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia (London, 1994), 2nd quarter, pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

³⁴ SBK's exports increased from 1·2 to 2·4 million tonnes, and CBG's from 11·1 to 11·3 million tonnes. This accounts for the jump in mining sector growth from –1·5 per cent in 1992 to 9·5 per cent in 1993, as shown in Table 1.

³⁵ It should be recalled that the sites of Tougué and Dabola have been the object of considerable interest in the past, as illustrated by the various exploratory agreements signed over the years: with Alusuisse in February 1971, Energyprojekt in April 1971, and with both in April 1974, while subsequent negotiations have involved Algeria. For more details, see Campbell, Les Enjeux de la bauxite, pp. 106–7.

³⁶ The Boké site had an output of 11·5 million tonnes in 1990 and 1991, and output stabilised at around 11 million tonnes until 1995. Estimated reserves are 4,000 million tonnes. Country Profile, 1994–1995, p. 21, and Country Report, 2nd quarter, 1995, p. 14.

³⁷ Country Profile, p. 20.

³⁸ Guinea: mining sector review, p. 15.

³⁹ Republic of Guinea. Country Economic Memorandum, Vol. 2, p. 38.

⁴⁰ For a more detailed discussion, see Campbell, ‘Negotiating the Bauxite/Aluminium Sector Under Narrowing Constraints’, pp. 46–8.

⁴¹ Ibid. p. 47.

⁴² Africa Research Bulletin: economic series (London), 1994, p. 11,698.Google Scholar

⁴³ World Bank, Annual Report (Washington, DC, 1989), p. 108.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Guinea, , Actes et recommendations de la deuxième conférence du développement rural (Conakry, 1989),Google Scholar and World Bank, Republic of Guinea. Country Economic Memorandum, Vol. 1 (Washington, DC, 1990), p. 55.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Guinea: agricultural sector review and Republic of Guinea. Country Economic Memorandum.

⁴⁶ UNDP and World Bank, African Development Indicators (Washington, DC, 1992), p. 230Google Scholar, and Arulpragasam and Sahn, op. cit. p. 56.

⁴⁷ Guinea, , La Lettre de politique de développement agricole, Vol. 3 (Conakry, Ministry of Agriculture, 1991), p. A3–3.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Guinea, , Rapport général de l'enquête agricole permanente: campagne 1991–1992 (Conakry, Ministry of Agriculture, 1992), p. 589.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Thenevin, Pierre, ‘Politique de relance de la filière rízicole et approvisionnement en riz local de la Guinée’, Ministry of Agriculture, Conakry, 1988, p. 14.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ UNDP and World Bank, African Development Indicators (Washington, DC, 1994), p. 231.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Adding to evidence that Guinea's increased coffee exports were due to the reversal of previous smuggling, those from Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire declined at the same time. See FAO Trade Yearbook (Rome, 1989).Google Scholar

⁵² Interviews by Jennifer Clapp at various agricultural projects in Guinea, 1989–90.

⁵³ Galandrin, Jean, ‘Situation de la caféculture guinéenne et perspectives’, in Government of Guinea’, Journées nationales sur la filière café (Conakry), 1989).Google Scholar

⁵⁴ The initial rise in ‘official’ prices did not have such a positive effect as expected because many farmers were already receiving higher prices on ‘parallel’ markets which were close to world levels.

⁵⁵ Actes et recommendations de la deuxième conférence du développement rural, 1989.

⁵⁶ International Coffee Organisation data.

⁵⁷ FAO Trade Yearbook (Rome, 1994).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Clapp, Jennifer A., ‘Interpreting Agricultural Performance in Guinea under Structural Adjustment’, in Canadian Journal of African Studies (Toronto), 27, 3, 1993, pp. 182–3.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ See Arulpragasam and Sahn, op. cit. p. 135.

⁶⁰ Interviews by Jennifer Clapp with farmers in the Forest Zone, 1989–90.

⁶¹ For a detailed description of the rice importing and exporting process, see Arulpragasam and Sahn, op. cit. p. 113.

⁶² The various steps involved in the export of coffee are outlined in Clapp, Jennifer A., ‘African Agricultural Transformation and the World Bank: the case of Guinea’, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Economics, 1992, ch. 4.Google Scholar

⁶³ On this crisis, see Thenevin, Pierre, ‘Proposition d'amélioration du fonctionnement de la filiére rizicole en Guinée’, Ministry of Agriculture, Conakry, 1989.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Clapp, ‘Interpreting Agricultural Performance in Guinea under Structural Adjustment’, p.187.

⁶⁵ Ministry of Planning and Finance, Emploi rural (Conakry, 1992), pp. 8 and 21.Google Scholar See also, US AID, Republic of Guinea: agriculture sector assessment (Conakry, 1990), p. 50.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Ministry of Planning and Finance, Macro-économie et dimensions sociales de l' adjustement (Conakry, 1992), p.12.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Emploi rural, P. 5, and Slothouber, A. H. F., Femmes et dévelopment (Conakry, Ministry of Planning and Finance, 1992), p.21.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Thorigne, Joseph H., Secteur agricole et rural en République de Guinée (Conakry, FAO, 1990), p. 2.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Trends in Developing Economies, p. 201.

⁷⁰ Country Profile, 1994–5, p. 20.

⁷¹ Ibid. p. 26.

⁷² See Clapp, Jennifer A., ‘Explaining Policy Reform Implementation in Guinea: the role of both internal and external factors’, in Journal of International Development (Chichester), 6, 3, 1994, pp. 15–16.Google Scholar

⁷³ Ibid. pp. 10–11.

⁷⁴ World Bank, ‘Aide Mémoire: CAS-II’, Conakry, 12 1992.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ See UNDP, Human Development Report (New York), 1992, 1993, 1994 editions. Guinea had been sixth from the bottom of the UNDP's index in 1991.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Clapp, ‘Explaning Policy Reform Implementation in Guinea’, pp. 16–17.

⁷⁷ ‘Aide Mémoire: CAS II’, p. 1.

⁷⁸ ‘Guineé: les élections contre la démocratie’, in Jenune Afrique (Paris), 1722, 6–13 01 1994, pp. 16–17.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Africa Research Bulletin: political series (London), 1994, pp. 11, 479 and 11,588.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ World Bank, ‘Guinée: aide mémoire’, Conakry, 1993, p. 1.Google Scholar