^{page 233 note 1} O'Connell, D. P., International Law (London, 1970), Vol. I, pp. 94–6.Google Scholar

^{page 233 note 2} Cf. Oppenheim, L. F., International Law: a treatise (London, 1955), Vol. I, pp. 117–23.Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 1} O'Connell, op. cit. p. 98. See also Harris, D. J., Cases and Materials on International Law (London, 1973), pp. 126–7.Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 2} Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, International Court of Justice, The Hague.

^{page 234 note 3} de Arechaga, Jimenez, in Receuil des cours (The Hague), 2, 1978, p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 4} Fawcett, J. E. S., Outer Space: new challenges to law and policy (Oxford, 1984), p. 29.Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 5} See generally, Denza, Eileen, Diplomatic Law (New York, 1976).Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 6} Author's interviews with officials in the Ecowas Secretariat in Lagos, 17 January 1986.

^{page 235 note 1} Bloomfield, L. M. et al. , Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons (New York, 1975), pp. 28–43.Google Scholar

^{page 235 note 2} Economic Community of West African States, Ten Years of ECOWAS, 1975–1985 (Lagos, n.d.), pp. 85–8.Google Scholar In 1988 the Chairman of the Authority, President Ibrahim Babangida of Nigeria, signed a co-operation agreement with the Islamic Development Bank as part of the Community's effort to fund its current economic recovery programme. New Nigerian (Kaduna), 13 02 1988, p. 16.Google Scholar

^{page 235 note 3} Ajulo, Sunday Babalola, ‘Lomé Convention: a review’, in Journal of African Studies (Los Angeles), 13, 4, Winter 1986–1987, pp. 142–52.Google Scholar For an exhaustive study, see Ravenhill, John, Collective Clientelism: the Lomé Conventions and north-south relations (New York, 1985).Google Scholar

^{page 235 note 4} Official Journal of ECOWAS (Lagos), 5, 1984, p. 22.Google Scholar

^{page 235 note 5} Becker, Jürgen, Die Partnerschaft von Lomé (Baden-Baden, 1979)Google Scholar, and Wellmann, H. Gerth, Das AKP/EG Abkommen von Lomé (Munich, 1979).Google Scholar

^{page 235 note 6} See, for example, Renninger, John P., Multinational Cooperation for Development in West Africa (New York, 1979), pp. 103–19;Google ScholarBach, Daniel C., ‘The Politics of West African Economic Co-operation: C.E.A.O. and E.C.O.W.A.S.’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 21, 4, 12 1983, pp. 605–23;Google Scholar and Peter Robson, ‘The Mano River Union’, in Ibid. 20, 4, December 1982, pp. 613–28.

^{page 236 note 1} Organisation of African Unity, Lagos Plan of Action for Economic Development of Africa, 1980–2000 (Addis Ababa, 1981),Google Scholar critically appraised by D'Sa, R. N. in Journal of African Law (London), 27, 1983, pp. 4–21.Google Scholar See also Adedeji, Adebayo and Shaw, Timothy M. (eds.), Economic Crisis in Africa: African perspectives on development problems and potentials (Boulder, 1985).Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 2} de Gara, John, ‘The EEC and the UN’, in Andemicael, Berhanykun (ed.), Regionalism and the United Nations (New York, 1979), pp. 543–74.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 3} Bowett, D. W., The Law of International Institutions (London, 1975), pp. 1–11.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 4} Proposals for Strengthening Economic Integration in West Africa (Addis Ababa, 1984),Google Scholar prepared by Adedeji, Adebayo, the Executive Secretary of the E.C.A. Cf. Hazelwood, Arthur (ed.), African Integration and Disingegration (London, 1967).Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 5} Ouattara, Aboubakar Diaby, ‘An Address to the Inaugural Conference of the West African Economic Association, April 1978’, in Diejomaoh, Victor P. and Ujoha, M. A. (eds.), Industrialisation in ECOWAS (Ibadan, 1980), pp. 11–17.Google Scholar

^{page 237 note 1} For example, Adebayo Adedeji suggested in Ibid. p. 24, that the Community should explore the possibilities of co-operation in the creation of agro-allied industries, as well as infrastructural facilities. The later were discussed fully by K. W. Kasandra and I. I. Ukpong, pp. 179–240, while the fiscal and monetary policies for integrated industrialisation were examined by F. A. Olaloku, R. O. Elegalam, E. Osagie, A. T. Ojo, and J. H. Frimpong-Ansah, pp. 361–451.

^{page 237 note 2} This publication contains a number of the papers presented to the West African Economic Association in Freetown in 1982, including a study in French of the often ignored West African Clearing House which, according to Kaye Whiteman, ‘is still the most hopeful institution in the Ecowas context, as it could pave the way for the monetary unity which is periodically reasserted as the best hope for the Community's survival and progress’. See his review in West Africa, 6 July 1987, pp. 1287–8, of Orimalade, Adeyinka and Ubogu, R. E., (eds.), Trade and Development in the Economic Community of West African States (New Delhi, 1984).Google Scholar

^{page 237 note 3} See Akinyemi, A. B. et al. , Readings and Documents on ECOWAS (Nigeria, 1984),Google Scholar for an analysis of the necessary clearing and payment arrangements by Falegan, S. B., pp. 197–218, and the feasibility of harmonising industrial policies by H. M. Osah and G. E. Okurume, pp. 261–78.Google Scholar

^{page 237 note 4} Nkrumah, Kwame, Africa Must Unite (London, 1963), pp. 141–2.Google Scholar See also the section on ‘West African Unity’, in Morgenthau, Ruth S., Political Parties in French Speaking West Africa (Oxford, 1964), pp. 326–9.Google Scholar

^{page 237 note 5} Ajomo, M. A., ‘Regional Economic Organisations–African Experience’, in The International and Comparative Law Quarterly (London), 25, 1976, p. 100.Google Scholar

^{page 238 note 1} West Africa, 1 September 1986, p. 1850. See also Obasango, Olusegun, Africa Embattled (Ibadan, 1988), p. 20.Google Scholar

^{page 238 note 2} See Manjang, Ousman, ‘Marriage of Confusion’, in West Africa, 3 and 10 November 1986, pp. 2307–11 and 2358–60,Google Scholar and Kendling S. Hakilimah, ‘Integration in Limbo’, in Ibid. 18 January 1988, pp. 75–6.

^{page 238 note 3} Gailey, Harry A., Historical Dictionary of The Gambia, 2nd Edition (Metuchen and London, 1987), p. 50.Google Scholar

^{page 238 note 4} Protocol on Mutual Assistance on Defence, Articles 2 and 3, in the Official Journal of ECOWAS, 3, 1981, pp. 7–12.Google Scholar This Protocol recalled the declaration in Article 2(4) of the 1945 U.N. Charter that ‘All members shall refrain…from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state’ as well as Article 3(1) of the 1963 O.A.U. Chater that solemnly affirms ‘respect’ for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each state and its inalienable right to independent existence’.

^{page 239 note 1} Peters, Babajimi, ‘The ECOWAS Defence Pact…’ in Nigerian Forum (Lagos), 3, 10–13 10–12, 1983, pp. 1267–76.Google Scholar

^{page 239 note 2} Oppenheim, op. cit. p. 371, According to O'Connell, op. cit. p. 283, ‘the state of today and more certainly of the future, is tending to become subordinate to a new type of legal entity–the international organisation’.

^{page 239 note 3} Obasanjo, op. cit. p. 9.

^{page 239 note 4} Oppenheim, op. cit. p. 118.

^{page 240 note 1} Berber, Friedrich, Lehrbuch des Voelkerrechts (Munich, 1975), Vol. I, pp. 111–27.Google Scholar

^{page 240 note 2} Zippelius, Rheinhold, Allgemeine Staatslehre (Munich, 1975), pp. 37–68,Google Scholar and Doehring, Karl, Staatsrecht (Frankfurt, 1975), pp. 84–113.Google Scholar

^{page 240 note 3} O'Connell, op. cit. p. 283.

^{page 240 note 4} Watts, R. L., New Federations (Oxford, 1966), pp. 9–14.Google Scholar

^{page 240 note 5} Wheare, K. C., Federal Government (London, 1963).Google Scholar

^{page 240 note 6} See, generally, Asiwaju, A. I. (ed.), Partitioned Africans (London and Lagos, 1984).Google Scholar

^{page 240 note 7} See Renninger, op. cit., especially pp. 17–37 and 103–19 for an illuminating study of the inter se relations of the constituent member-states of Ecowas.

^{page 241 note 1} West Africa, 3–9 April 1989, pp. 507 and 517–18.

^{page 241 note 2} Reuter, Paul, in Receuil des cours, 2, 1952, p. 543.Google Scholar

^{page 241 note 3} Quoted by A. H. Robertson, ‘Legal Problems of European Integration’, in Ibid. I, 1957, pp. 145–8.

^{page 242 note 1} Ibid. pp. 143–4.

^{page 242 note 2} Lipstein, K., The Law of the European Community (London, 1974), pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 3} Collins, Lawrence, European Community Law in the United Kingdom (London, 1980), pp. 7–9.Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 4} Fitzmaurice, John, The European Parliament (Farnborough, 1979).Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 5} Denning, Lord, The Discipline of Law (London, 1979), p. 18.Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 1} Capotorti, Francesco, ‘Supranational Organisation’ in Bernhardt, Rudolf (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Amsterdam, 1985), Vol. 5, pp. 262–71.Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 2} Lodge, Juliet, European Union (London and Basingstoke, 1986).Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 3} Bowett, op. cit. pp. 4–11. See also Rosenstiel, op. cit. pp. 40–60.

^{page 243 note 4} Seidi-Hohenveldern, Ignaz, Das Recht des Internationalen Organisationen (Cologne, Berlin, Bonn, and Munich, 171), pp. 1–6 and 7–30.Google Scholar

^{page 244 note 1} Rosentiel, Francis, Le Principe de supranationalité (Paris, 1962), p. 11.Google Scholar

^{page 244 note 2} Ibid. p. 21.

^{page 244 note 3} Ibid. pp. 18 and 88.

^{page 244 note 4} Ibid. p. 15.

^{page 244 note 5} Ibid. pp. 14 and 18.

^{page 244 note 6} Ibid. pp. 40–60.

^{page 244 note 7} Ibid. p. 27.

^{page 245 note 1} See Lodge (ed.), op. cit. p. xiii.

^{page 245 note 2} Only The Gambia, Senegal, and Côte d'Ivoire have not been ruled by the military.

^{page 245 note 3} Rosenstiel, op. cit. p. 41.

^{page 245 note 4} Gravil, Roger, ‘The Nigerian Aliens Expulsion Order of 1983’, in African Affairs (London), 84, 337, 10 1985, pp. 532–37;Google Scholar Olajide Aluko, ‘The Expulsion of Illegal Aliens from Nigeria: a study in Nigeria's decision-making’, in Ibid. pp. 539–60; and Lynne Brydon, ‘Ghanaian Responses to the Nigerian Expulsions of 1983’, in Ibid. pp. 561–85.

^{page 245 note 5} Bernhardt (ed.), op. cit. pp. 6–32.

^{page 246 note 1} Akintan, S. A., The Law of International Economic Institutions in Africa (Leiden, 1977), pp. 184–92.Google Scholar

^{page 246 note 2} The Foreign Minister of Ghana, Obed Asamoah, recently suggested at a meeting in Accra attended by representatives from Benin, Nigeria, and Togo that an Ecowas Parliament should be directly elected by the people. Shortly after being reported in the Daily Times (Lagos), 31 03 1989Google Scholar, and editorial in the same newspaper expressed the view that what was being proposed would ‘be no more than a military assembly’, albeit ‘something good whose time has only not yet come’.

^{page 246 note 3} Rosenstiel, op cit. p. 89.

^{page 247 note 1} See, generally, African Affairs, loc. cit pp. 523–85. S. K. B. Asante argued that Nigeria did not actually breach any part of the Ecowas Protocol on the free movement of persons by its expulsion of illegal immigrants. See West Africa, 11 and 18 April 1983.

^{page 248 note 1} Suy, E., ‘Status of Observers in International Organisations’, in Recueil des cours, 2, 1978, pp. 83–160.Google Scholar

^{page 248 note 2} For example, all the Heads of Government at their June 1989 summit in Madrid strongly condemned ‘the brutal repression taking place in China’, and asked ‘the Chinese authorities to respect human rights and to take into account the hopes of freedom and democracy deeply felt by the population’. The Times (London), 28 06 1989.Google Scholar

^{page 248 note 3} Kruck, Hans, Voelkerrechtliche Vertraege (Berlin and New York, 1977), pp. 182–97.Google Scholar

^{page 248 note 4} Becker, op. cit. Cf. Ajulo, S. B., ‘Lomé Abkommen’, dissertation, University of Heidelberg, 1979.Google Scholar

^{page 248 note 5} The Times, 28 June 1989.

^{page 248 note 6} Renninger, op. cit. p. 94.

^{page 249 note 1} Cf. Asante, S. K. B., The Political Economy of Regionalism in Africa: a decade of the Economic Community of West African States (New York, 1986).Google Scholar

^{page 249 note 2} Ouattara, Aboubakar Diaby, in West Africa, 21 January 1985, p. 93.Google Scholar

^{page 249 note 3} Kaye Whiteman, ‘Signs of Progress’, in Ibid. 20 July 1987, p. 1380–95.

^{page 249 note 4} Ibid. See also the Ecowas Special Report in Ibid. 6 July 1987, pp. 1286–95.

^{page 249 note 5} Whiteman, loc. cit. p. 1381.

^{page 250 note 1} Munu, Momodu, ‘The Future of Ecowas’, Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lagos, 12 05 1986, pp. 15–16.Google Scholar See National Concord (Lagos), 30 06 1986, p. 3, for a brief critique of this address.Google Scholar

^{page 250 note 2} The 1988/1989 Annual Report of the Executive Secretary to the Authority of Heads of State and Government of Ecowas, Ouagadougou, 29 June 1989, entitled ‘A Time for Implementation’.