^{Page 664 note 1} Pedler, Frederick, Main Currents of West African History, 1940–1978 (London, 1979), P. xi;Google Scholar and Rathbone, Richard, ‘The Transfer of Power in Ghana, 1945–1957’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of London, 1968, P. 56.Google Scholar

^{Page 664 note 2} Mortimer, Edward, France and the Africans, 1944–1960: a political history (London, 1969), P. 27.Google Scholar

^{Page 664 note 3} See Flint, John, ‘Planned Decolonisation and Its Failure in British Africa’, in African Affairs (London), 82, 328, 07 1983, Pp. 389–411;Google Scholar Robert Pearce, ‘The Colonial Office and Planned Decolonization in Africa ’, in ibid. 83, 330, January 1984, PP. 77–93; and Richard C. Crook ‘Decolonization, the Colonial State, and Chieftaincy in the Gold Coast’, in ibid. 85, 338, January 1986, Pp. 75–106.

^{Page 664 note 4} Flint, loc. cit. P. 405.

^{Page 664 note 5} White, Dorothy Shipley, Black Africa and de Guallt: from the French Empire to Independence (University park and London, 1979), P. 122.Google Scholar In 1942 Amery, Leo stated that ‘smashing Hitler is only a means to the eseential end preserving the British Empire and all it stands for in the world’, quoted in Wm. Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941–1945 (Oxford, 1977), P. 33.Google Scholar

^{Page 664 note 6} White, op. cit. P. 159.

^{Page 664 note 7} Ibid. P. 208.

^{Page 665 note 1} These views were by no means universal. The influential Navy and Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategic Survey Committee supported the retention of Empire after World War 11. See Louis, op. cit. p. 6.

^{Page 665 note 2} Ibid. p. 19. According to Louis, p. 43, the Americans ‘found the French morally deplorable’.

^{Page 665 note 3} Ibid. pp. 3 and 21.

^{Page 665 note 4} Roosevelt had initially opposed the restoration of Indo-China to France, but by 1945, influenced by the conciliatory tone of the Brazzaville Conference, he changed his views; ibid. pp.28 and 42. By 1954 the Americans were underwriting the war in Vietnam and ‘American aid accounted for nearly 80 percent of French expenditures on the conflict’; Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: a history (Harmondsworth, 1984), p. 170.Google Scholar

^{Page 665 note 5} Louis, op. cit. p. 22. churchill supported this view;Google Scholar seeibid. p. 8.

^{Page 665 note 6} Ibid. p. 28.

^{Page 665 note 7} White, op. cit. p. 83.

^{Page 665 note 8} Louis, op. cit. p. 22.

^{Page 666 note 1} Ibid. Pp. 14–15.

^{Page 666 note 2} Mortimer, Edward, The Rise of the French Communist Party, 1920–1947 (London, 1984), P. 277.Google Scholar

^{Page 666 note 3} Harrison, Christopher, ‘French Attitudes to Empire and the Algerian War’ in African Affairs, 82, 326, 01 1983, Pp. 75–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 666 note 4} Ausin, D.G., ‘The Transfer of Power: why and how’, in Morris-Jones, W.H. and Fischer, Georges (eds.), Decolonisation and After: the British and French experience (London, 1980), P. 30.Google Scholar

^{Page 666 note 5} Quoted in Gupta, P.S, Imperialism and the British Labour Movement, 1914–1964 (London and Basingstoke, 1975), p. 326.Google Scholar

^{Page 666 note 6} Quoted in Austin, loc. cit. P. 9.

^{Page 666 note 7} Louis, op. cit. Pp. 43–7; White, op. cit. p. 115 and Hargreaves, John D., ‘Assumptions, Expectations, and Plus: approaches to decolonisation in Sierra Leone’, in Morris-jone and Fishter (eds.), op. cit. Pp. 75–6.Google Scholar

^{Page 667 note 1} Quoted in Louis, op. cit. p. x.

^{Page 667 note 2} Hopkins, A. G., An Economic History of West Africa (London, 1973), p. 279.Google ScholarNordman, C. R., ‘Prelude to Decolonisation in West Africa: the development of British colonial policy, 1938–1947’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oxford, 1976, p. 8, suggests that ‘The age of decolonisation had arrived [in 1947]’.Google Scholar

^{Page 667 note 3} Poulantzas, Nicos, Classes in Contemporary Capitalism (London, 1978), p. 46;Google ScholarMandel, Ernest, Late Capitalism (London, 1978).Google Scholar

^{Page 667 note 4} Mandel, op. cit. See also Warren, Bill, Imperialism (London, 1980).Google Scholar

^{Page 667 note 5} Hopkins, op. cit. p. 279.

^{Page 667 note 6} Harrison, loc. cit. p. 76, and Smith, Tony, The French Stake in Algeria, 1945–1962 (Ithaca and London, 1978), p. 22.Google Scholar

^{Page 668 note 1} Crook, loc. cit. p. 77. See also Flint, loc. cit. p. 390, who claims that ‘The element of nationalism played no part …[in the British decision to decolonise]’.

^{Page 668 note 2} Louis, op. cit. pp. 123–4.

^{Page 668 note 3} Ibid. p. 129.

^{Page 668 note 4} Nordman, op. cit. p. ii.

^{Page 668 note 5} Louis, op. cit. p. 133. See also Flint, loc. cit.

^{Page 668 note 6} Quoted in White, op. cit. p. 115.

^{Page 669 note 1} Ibid. p. 139.

^{Page 669 note 2} Hopkins, op. cit. p. 269.

^{Page 669 note 3} White, op. cit. p. 2; Mortimer, op. cit. p. 72.

^{Page 669 note 4} Smith, op. cit. p. 25.

^{Page 669 note 5} Harrison, loc. cit. p. 85

^{Page 669 note 6} In 1946 Thorez stated ‘that the Communist Party under no circumstances wished to be considered as the eventual liquidator of the French position in Indo-China and that he ardently wished to see the French flag fly over all corners of the French Union’, quoted in Mortimer, The Rise of the French Communist Party, p. 349. A Vietnamese aid to Ho Chi Minh recounted to Karnow, op. cit. p. 154, that in his view the French communists ‘were more nationalistic than ideological’; see also ibid. pp. 152 and 159. Smith argues, op. cit. pp. 76–7, that after the war the communists adopted a cautious anti-colonial stance, firstly in order to maintain allies at home, and secondly out of fear that the Anglo-Americans would fill the vacuum left by the French.

^{Page 669 note 7} The P.C.F.'s influence declined after it left the French Government in 1947. Post, Ken, The New States of West Africa (Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 22.Google Scholar

^{Page 670 note 1} Gupta, op. cit. p. 275.

^{Page 670 note 2} Ibid. pp. 275–9.

^{Page 670 note 3} Rathbone, op. cit. p. 97.

^{Page 670 note 4} Harrison, loc. cit pp. 83–5.

^{Page 670 note 5} Mortimer, France and the Africans, pp. 105–6.Google Scholar

^{Page 671 note 1} Ibid. p. 99

^{Page 671 note 2} White, op. cit. p. 161.

^{Page 671 note 3} Mortimer, France and the Africans, pp. 217–18.

^{Page 671 note 4} Austin, loc. cit. p. 4.

^{Page 671 note 5} Chetrit, Elie and Timsit, Jean-Pierre, quoted in White, op. cit. p. 161.Google Scholar

^{Page 671 note 6} Foltz, William J., From French West Africa to the Mali Federation (New Haven and London, 1965), p. 75.Google Scholar

^{Page 672 note 1} Hopkins, op. cit. p. 268.

^{Page 672 note 2} For a partisan account of the British refusal to accept the pro-communist Government of Guyana, See Jagan, Cheddi, The West on Trial (London, 1966).Google Scholar

^{Page 672 note 3} Quoted in ibid. p. 127.

^{Page 672 note 4} See Nordman, op. cit.; Austin, Dennis, Politics in Ghana (London, 1964);Google Scholar and Kilson, Martin, Political Change in a West African State: a study of modernization process in Sierra Leone (Cambridge, Mass., 1966).Google Scholar

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^{Page 673 note 2} Wasserman, Gary, Politics of Decolonization: Kenya Europeans and the land issue, 1960–1965 (Cambridge, 1976), p. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 673 note 3} Austin, ‘The Transfer of Power’, p. 13. See also Nordman, op. cit. p. 8.

^{Page 673 note 4} Wasserman, op. cit. p. 6.

^{Page 673 note 5} Mortimer, France and the Africans, p. 31.

^{Page 673 note 6} Nordman, op. cit. p. iii.

^{Page 674 note 1} Quoted in ibid. p. 115. However, as documented by Kimble, David, A Political History of Ghana, Vol. 1, The Rise of Gold Coast Nationalism, 1850–1928 (Oxford, 1963), ‘The Idea of Elective Representation, 1918–23’, pp. 435–41, as early as 1921 ‘the Aboriginal unofficial members conference in Accra’ was pressing for ‘three representatives (including one European)’ on the Executive Council.Google Scholar

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^{Page 674 note 3} Rathbone, op. cit. p. 133.

^{Page 674 note 4} Hargreaves. cit. p. 94.

^{Page 674 note 5} Crook, loc. cit. p. 99.

^{Page 674 note 6} Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Road to Independence: Ghana and the lvory Coast (Paris, 1964), p. 46.Google Scholar

^{Page 675 note 1} Martin, Guy, ‘The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 23, 2 06 1985, p. 191.Google Scholar

^{Page 675 note 2} Foltz, op. cit. p. 69. See also Mortimer, The Rise of the French Communist Party, pp. 157–63.Google Scholar

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^{Page 676 note 1} Jeffries, Richard, Class, Power and Ideology in Ghana: the railwaymen of Sekondi (Cambridge, 1978), p. 59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 676 note 2} Rathbone, op. cit. p. 152.

^{Page 676 note 3} Jeffries, op. cit. p. 40.

^{Page 676 note 4} Hargreaves, loc. cit. p. 94.

^{Page 676 note 5} Ibid. p. 95.

^{Page 676 note 6} Ibid. p. 96.

^{Page 676 note 7} Parry to Rita Hinden, quoted in ibid.

^{Page 676 note 8} Hargreaves, loc. cit. p. 97.

^{Page 676 note 9} Mortimer, France and the Africans p. 247.Google Scholar