^{page 484 note 1} Tanner, R. E. S., Three Studies in East African Criminology (Paris, 1971).Google Scholar

^{page 484 note 2} Mwansa, Kalombo, ‘A Survey of Property Crime in Zambia’, in Zambia Law Review (Lusaka), 1984.Google Scholar

^{page 484 note 3} Clifford, William, ‘Zambia’, in Milner, Alan (ed.), African Penal Systems (London, 1969), pp. 237–57.Google Scholar

^{page 484 note 4} Hatchard, John, ‘Violent Crime in Zambia: an historical perspective’, Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association,Boston,1983.Google Scholar

^{page 485 note 2} Chapter 146 of the Laws of Zambia. After independence in 1964, some amendments were made to the Penal Code to take into account Zambia's new status, and these included changes in the provisions on treason and felony during 1965.

^{page 486 note 1} Clinard, Marshall and Abbott, Daniel, Crime in Developing Countries (New York, 1973).Google Scholar

^{page 486 note 2} Ndulo, Muna, ‘Punishment as a Technique of Control’, in Hatchard, John (ed.), Readings in Criminal Law (Nairobi, 1985).Google Scholar

^{page 486 note 3} See Section 10(2) of the Firearms Act of 1969.

^{page 486 note 4} Minister of Home Affairs, Parliamentary Debates (Lusaka), 17, 1969, col. 519.Google Scholar

^{page 486 note 5} Attorney-General, Parliamentary Debates, 19, 1969, col. 546.

^{page 487 note 2} See, for example, Capstick, W. P., ‘Captial Theft and the Cameroon Penal Code Amendment Ordinance, 1972,’ in British Journal of Criminology (London), 13, 1972, pp. 284–6.Google Scholar

^{page 487 note 3} See Judiciary, Zambia, Annual Reports (Lusaka), 1975–1977. Surprisingly, only two other death sentences for aggravated robbery are recorded for 1978–1981.Google Scholar

^{page 488 note 1} Zambia Police, Annual Reports, 1969 onwards.

^{page 488 note 2} Tuden, Arthur, ‘Ila Property Relationships and Political Process,’ in Swartz, M. J. (ed.), Local-Level Politics (New York, 1968).Google Scholar

^{page 488 note 3} Smith, Edwin and Dale, Andrew, The Ila Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia (London, 1920).Google Scholar

^{page 488 note 4} For a useful historical analysis of stock theft, see Cutshall, Charles, ‘Culprits, Culpability and Crime,’ in African Studies Review (Los Angeles), XXV, 1, 1982, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar

^{page 489 note 2} Secretary-General of U.N.I.P., Parliamentary Debates, 22, 1970, col. 72. See also the comments of the Minister of State for Home Affairs, ibid. col. 76.

^{page 490 note 1} Minister for Legal Affairs, ibid. 30 July 1974, col. 312.

^{page 490 note 2} Cutshall, loc. cit.

^{page 491 note 2} Ibid. 1980.

^{page 492 note 1} See, for example, Nye, J. S., ‘Corruption and Political Development: a cost-benefit analysis,’ in The American Political Science Review (Washington, D.C.), 56, 1967, p. 417.Google Scholar

^{page 492 note 2} See Sections 3 and 25 of the Corrupt Practices Act of 1980.

^{page 492 note 3} Leys, Cohn, ‘What is the Problem About Corruption?,’ in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 3, 2, 08 1965, pp. 215–30.Google Scholar

^{page 492 note 4} Parliamentary Debates, 27 February 1973, cols. 1596–1606.

^{page 493 note 1} Ibid. 21 August 1980, col. 1080.

^{page 493 note 2} Anti-Corruption Commission, Annual Report (Lusaka), 1984.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 493 note 3} Lungu, G. F., ‘The Implementability of Zambia's Corrupt Practices Act’, in Zambia Law Review, 13, 1981, pp. 1–14.Google Scholar

^{page 494 note 1} Rhodesia and Nyasaland Law Reports (Salisbury), 1959, p. 157.Google Scholar

^{page 494 note 2} Criminal Appeal Reports (London), 35, p. 164.Google Scholar

^{page 494 note 3} Criminal Appeal Reports, 35, p. 265. The Zambian national philosophy of Humanism advocates reformation as the sole aim of punishment. However, the courts have taken a very different approach.

^{page 496 note 1} Zambia Prisons Department, Annual Reports, 1965 and 1980.

^{page 497 note 2} Clinard and Abbott, op. cit.

^{page 497 note 3} Clifford, William, ‘The African View of Crime’, in British Journal of Criminology, 4, 1963–1964, pp. 477–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 497 note 4} Chilila, M., ‘Instant Justice,’ in Rennie, Keith et al. (eds.), Social Problems in Zambia (Lusaka, 1976), pp. 29–41.Google Scholar

^{page 498 note 1} Mwansa, loc. cit.

^{page 498 note 2} Tanner, R. E. S., ‘Penal Practice in Africa - Some Restrictions on the Possibility of Reform,’ in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 10, 3, 10 1972, pp. 447–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 499 note 1} Zambia Law Reports (Lusaka), 1976, p. 254.Google Scholar

^{page 499 note 2} High Court of Zambia, Case 95 of 1983, unreported.

^{page 499 note 3} Chilila, loc. cit.

^{page 500 note 1} The first official mention of ‘instant’justice is found in Department of African Affairs, Annual Report (Lusaka), 1958.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 501 note 1} Parliamentary Debates, 27 February 1973, col. 1598.

^{page 501 note 2} For a useful discussion on this point, see ‘Report of the African Regional Preparatory Meeting for the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders’, Addis Ababa, 21 December 1983.

^{page 502 note 1} U.N. General Assembly Resolution 36/21 of 9 November 1982.

^{page 502 note 2} ‘Report of the African Regional Preparatory Meeting…’, Addis Ababa, December 1983.

^{page 502 note 3} Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 1980, Resolution 8.

^{page 502 note 4} See, for example, ‘Humane Treatment of Offenders’: Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Vienna, 1984.

^{page 503 note 1} For a full discussion, see Thornstedt, Hans, ‘The Day-Fine System in Sweden,’ in Criminal Law Review (London), 1975, pp. 307–12.Google Scholar

^{page 504 note 1} Section 175 of the Criminal Procedure Code, Chapter 160 of the Laws of Zambia.

^{page 504 note 2} Clifford, 1969, loc. cit.

^{page 504 note 3} ‘Report of the African Regional Preparatory Meeting…’, Addis Ababa, 1983.