Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T04:35:19.088Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Constraints to Women and Development in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Jean M. Due
Jean M. Due
Affiliation:
Professor of Agricultural Economics, and Rebecca Summary, Postgraduate Student, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Although it has been estimated that women produce more than 60 per cent of the food crops in many African countries, less than one in five has found employment in wage-earning occupations as development has occurred. Why has this happened? Our hypothesis is that there are two primary constraints on their improved economic status in addition to tradition and culture, namely: lack of access to education and to capital. Access to land and to information may be important handicaps in some areas, but are assumed to be of less general significance.

Type
Africana
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , March 1982 , pp. 155 - 166
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 U.N. E.C.A., Economic Bulletin for Africa (Addis Ababa), XI, 1, 1975, p. 61Google Scholar.

3 International Labour Office, 1950–2000 Labour Force, Vol. 1, Africa (Geneva, 1977)Google Scholar.

4 Bowman, Mary Jean and Anderson, C. Arnold, ‘The Participation of Women in Education in the Third World’, Ford Foundation, New York, 1978Google Scholar, mimeographed.

5 UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1980 (New York, 1980), pp. 153–173.

1 Calculated from UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1977 (New York, 1977), pp. 74–5, 81–2, 194–8, 252–68, and 324–36, where detailed figures are given for all African countries, and ibid.1980, pp. 84 and 93.

2 Bowman and Anderson, op. cit.

3 Mbilinyi, Majorie, ‘Access to Education in East Africa – an Introduction’, in Rural Africana (East Lansing), 25, Fall 1974, p. 1Google Scholar.

4 Majorie Mbilinyi, ‘The Problem of Unequal Access to Primary Education in Tanzania’, in ibid. pp. 17–18.

1 Mbilinyi, , ‘Access to Education in East Africa’, pp. 1–2Google Scholar.

2 Mbilinyi, , ‘The Problem of Unequal Access’, p. 19Google Scholar. See also Wallace, Tina, ‘Educational Opportunities and the Role of Family Background Factors in Rural Buganda’, in Rural Africana, 25, Fall 1974, pp. 29–46Google Scholar.

3 Standing, Guy, ‘Education and Female Participation in the Labor Force’, in International Labour Review (Geneva), 11–12 1976, p. 280Google Scholar.

4 E.g. Thias, H. H. and Carnoy, M., Cost Benefit Analysis in Education: a case study in Kenya (Washington, D.C., 1972), World Bank Staff Occasional Paper No. 14, p. 130Google Scholar.

1 Woodhall, Maureen, ‘The Economic Returns to Investment in Women's Education’, in Higher Education (Amsterdam), 2, 3, 08 1973, p. 279Google Scholar.

2 Ibid. pp. 291–2.

3 See Thias and Carnoy, op. cit. and Ketkar, Suhas L., ‘The Economics of Education in Sierra Leone’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 15, 2, 06 1977, pp. 301–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Winegarden, C. R., ‘Socioeconomic Equity and Fertility in Developing Economies: a Block- recursive model’, Carolina Population Center Paper No. 9, Chapel Hill, N.C., 05 1979Google Scholar.

1 Mbilinyi, , ‘Access to Education’, p. 2Google Scholar. See also Hall, Budd L., ‘Who Participates in University Adult Education?’, in Rural Africana, 25, Fall 1974, pp. 73–9Google Scholar.

2 Mbilinyi, , ‘Access to Education’, p. 2Google Scholar.

3 Economic Bulletin for Africa, XI, 1, 1975, p. 68.

4 Boserup, Esther, Women's Role in Economic Development (New York, 1970), p. 55Google Scholar.

5 African Woman (London), 1, 3, December 1955, p. 56.

6 Boserup, op. cit. p. 55.

1 Caton, Douglas and Haeften, Roberta van, ‘A Strategy Paper For Integrating LDC Rural Women Into Their National Economies’, U.S. Agencyfor International Development, Washington, D.C., 1974, mimeographed, p. 29Google Scholar.

2 Staudt, Kathleen, ‘Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services’, in Rural Africana, 29, Winter 1975–1976, pp. 81–94Google Scholar.

3 Moock, Peter R., ‘The Efficency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya’, in American Journal of Agricultural Economics (Lexington), 58, 5, 1976, pp. 833–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

1 Introduction to Armah, Ayi Kwei, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born (New York edn. 1969), p. xGoogle Scholar.

2 Due, Jean M., Agricultural Credit in Zambia by Level of Development (Lusaka, 1979)Google Scholar, Rural Development Studies Bureau, Occasional Paper, University of Zambia.

3 Due, Jean M., ‘Agricultural Credit in Tanzania’, in Journal of Southern African Affairs (Oxford), III, 1, 01 1978, pp. 99–113Google Scholar, and ‘The Allocation of Credit to Ujamaa Villages and Small Private Farmers in Tanzania’, in Savings and Development (Milan), 2, 1978, pp. 69–107.

1 Due, Jean M., ‘A Note on Agricultural Credit in Sudan’, in Savings and Development, 3, 1980, pp. 219–31Google Scholar.

2 Staudt, loc. cit. p. 88.

1 Marvin, and Miracle, Diane S. and Cohen, Laurie, ‘Informal Savings Mobilization in Africa’, in Economic Development and Cultural Change (Chicago), 28, 4, 07 1980, p. 703Google Scholar.

2 Due, op. cit. and ‘Agricultural Credit in Tanzania’.

3 Miracles and Cohen, loc. cit. p. 706.

4 Ibid. p.707.

1 Ibid. Table I, pp. 704–5.

2 Ibid. p. 710.

3 Lewis, Barbara, ‘The Limitations of Group Action Among Entrepreneurs: the market women of Abidjan, Ivory Coast’, in Hafkin, Nancy and Bay, Edna (eds.), Women in Africa (Stanford, 1976), pp. 141–2Google Scholar.

4 Sims, Ruth and Dumor, Ernest, ‘Women in the Urban Economy of Ghana: associational activity and the enclave economy’, East Lansing, 1978, mimeographed, pp. 51 and 53Google Scholar.

1 Arhin, Kwame, ‘Capital Formation Among Ghanaian Women’, Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, n.d.Google Scholar, mimeographed.