¹ At a meeting at Turfloop in 1964 many of the later concerns of Black Consciousness were explained to this author.

² Biko, Steve, I Write What I Like. A Selection of his Writings, edited with a personal memoir by Aelred, Stubbs (London, 1978), p. 49.Google Scholar

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⁴ Ibid. p. 11.

⁵ Biko, op. cit. p. 78.

⁶ Fatton, Robert Jr, Black Consciousness in South Africa: the dialectics of ideological resistance to white supremacy (Albany, 1986), p. 71.Google Scholar

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⁸ Bennie A. Khoapa, ‘The New Black’, in Biko (ed.), op. cit. p. 61.

⁹ Biko, op. cit. p. 68.

¹⁰ Quoted in Hirson, op. cit. p. 110.

¹¹ Biko, op. cit. pp. 133–4 and 136.

¹² Ibid. p. 72.

¹³ Ibid. p. 23.

¹⁴ Ibid. p. 78.

¹⁵ Khoapa, loc. cit. p. 14.

¹⁶ Biko, op. cit. pp. 41–3 and 70.

¹⁷ Villa-Vincencio, Charles and De Gruchy, John W. (eds.), Resistance and Hope. South African Essays in Honor of Beyers Naude (Grand Rapids, 1985), pp. 93 and 99, and also ‘The Church as Seen by a Young Layman’, in Biko, op. cit. ch. 10.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Biko, op. cit. p. 21.

¹⁹ Ndebele, loc. cit. p. 20.

²⁰ Fatton, op. cit. p. 103, and Biko, op. cit. p. 149.

²¹ Ndebele, loc. cit. p. 18.

²² Biko, op. cit. pp. 87–8.

²³ Ibid. pp. 149–50.

²⁴ Ibid. pp. 89 and 50.

²⁵ Fatton, op. cit. p. 143.

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³¹ Fatton, op. cit. pp. 36–7.

³² Ibid. pp. 129 and 124–5.

³³ Lewis, Gavin, Between the Wire and the Wall: a history of South African ‘Coloured’ politics (Cape Town, 1987), p. 278.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Ibid. p. 325.

³⁹ Meer, Fatima, Political and Economic Choices of Disenfranchised South Africans. Results of a National Survey of 11,786 Black South Africans Conducted in Four Metropolitan Areas (Durban, 1986).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Schlemmer, Lawrence, Black Worker Attitudes: political options, capitalism, and investment in South Africa (Durban, 1984).Google Scholar

⁴¹ Orkin, Mark, Disinvestment, the Struggle and the Future. What Black South Africans Really Think (Johannesburg, 1986).Google Scholar

⁴² The author carried out 110 in-depth interviews: 45 during June–August 1986, and a further 65 during June–August 1987. Of these, 17 were interviewed in both years, which means that a total of 93 participated in the study. Including a variety of occupations, ages, educational levels, and places of residence, they consisted of a politically representative sample of urban blacks since the number selected for interview was designed to accord roughly with the support found for the three main political groupings/tendencies in the combined results of the earlier Meer/Schlemmer/Orkin surveys. My sample was made up as follows: 69.8% supported the A.N.C./U.D.F., 14% the B.C.M., and 9.7% Inkatha, while 4.3% felt supportive of both the A.N.C. and the B.C.M.

⁴³ Gerhart, op. cit. p. 270.

⁴⁴ Quoted in Sinclair, Michael, Community Development in South Africa: a guide for American donors (Washington, D.C., 1986), p. 83.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ Khangale Mekhado, quoted in Lodge, op. cit. p. 345.

⁴⁷ Fatton, op. cit. p. 131.

⁴⁸ Lewis, op. cit. pp. 208, 243, and 253. See also Alexander, Neville, Sow the Wind: contemporary speeches (Johannesburg, 1985).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Gerhart, op. cit. p. 10.

⁵⁰ Lewis, op. cit. p. 282, and Wolpe, Harold, ‘The ANC and the National Forum’, in Southern African Review of Books (London), 1, 1, 1987, p. 5.Google Scholar

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⁵² Stadler, op. cit. p. 159.

⁵³ Lewis, David, ‘South Africa in World Politics. At the Gates of the Laager’, in The Nation (Johannesburg), 22 11 1986, p. 569.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ Fatton, op. cit. p. 343.

⁵⁶ Plaut, Martin, ‘The New Unions’, in Southern African Review of Books, 1, 1, 1987, pp. 15–16.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ Lodge, op. cit. pp. 345–6.

⁵⁹ Charney, loc. cit. p. 12.

⁶⁰ Stadler, op. cit. p. 172.

⁶¹ Hirson, op. cit. pp. 110–11 and 297–8.

⁶² Fatton, op. cit. pp. 123 and 146.

⁶³ Ibid. p. 77.

⁶⁴ Gerhart, op. cit. pp. 310–11.

⁶⁵ Lewis, op. cit. p. 279.