^{page 57 note 1} See Welch, Claude E. Jr and Smith, Arthur K., Military Role and Rule: perspectives on civil–military relations (North Scituate, Mass., 1974), esp. pp. 39–40Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 2} Consult Harper, Sally, ‘The Government Archives Depot in Windhoek: a treasure house of the past’, in South West Africa Annual (Windhoek), 1973 (hereinafter referred to as S.W.A.A.), pp. 69, 72, and 73Google Scholar, as well as ‘Documentation Service: memory of the SADF’, in Paratus (Pretoria), 29, 6, 06 1978, pp. 10–13Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 3} These constraints are discussed in Dugard, John, Human Rights and the South African Legal Order (Princeton, 1978), pp. 182 and 192Google Scholar; Potter, Elaine, The Press as Opposition: the political role of South African newspapers (London, 1975), pp. 122 and 157Google Scholar; and Gordon, Loraine et al. (compilers), Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1978 (Johannesburg, 1979), p. 53Google Scholar.

^{page 58 note 1} See Johnson, Richard W., How Long Will South Africa Survive? (London and New York, 1977), p. 261CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 58 note 2} This is analysed in Welch and Smith, op. cit. pp. 29, 206, and 210–13, and the French model has been applied to South Africa by Dale, Richard, ‘The South African Armed Forces and the Link with the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations, 1910–1961’, in Militaria (Pretoria), 9, 1, 1970, pp. 1–11Google Scholar.

^{page 58 note 3} Consult Nordlinger, Eric A., Soldiers in Politics: military coups and governments (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1977), pp. 10–19Google Scholar.

^{page 58 note 4} On membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the creation of a military force, see Tötemeyer, Gerhard K. H., Namibia Old and New: traditional and modern leaders in Ovamboland (London, 1978), pp. 204 and 206Google Scholar, and South West Africa/Namibia: facts, attitudes, assessment, and prospects (Randburg, 1977), p. 79Google Scholar.

^{page 58 note 5} Tötemeyer, , South West Africa/Namibia, p. 81Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 1} Harper, loc. cit. p. 71.

^{page 59 note 2} Tylden, Geoffrey, The Armed Forces of South Africa, with an Appendix on the Commandos (Johannesburg, 1954). p. 57Google Scholar, and Sole, T. E., ‘The Südwestafrika Denkmünze and the South West African Campaigns of 1903–1908’, in Military History Journal (Johannesburg), 1, 3, 12 1968, pp. 19–23Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 3} ‘Walvis Bay: a peep into the past’, in S.W.A.A., 1975, pp. 163–5.

^{page 59 note 4} See Kenneth R. van der Spuy, ‘The South African Aviation Corps: the part played by the First Air Arm of the Union Defence Forces of South Africa in the 1915 South West African Campaign’, in ibid. 1979, pp. 21, 23–7, 29, and 31, and the official history by Collyer, J. J., The Campaign in German South West Africa, 1914–1915 (Pretoria, 1937)Google Scholar.

^{page 60 note 1} Consult Davenport, T. R. H., ‘The South African Rebellion, 1914’, in The English Historical Review (London), 78, 306, 01 1963, pp. 73–94Google Scholar.

^{page 60 note 2} For an insightful analysis, see Grundy, Kenneth W., ‘The Assignment of South African Forces Abroad, 1912–1976’, in Journal of African Studies (Los Angeles), 5, 4, Winter 1978, pp. 396–413Google Scholar.

^{page 60 note 3} For details, see Nel, H. F., ‘Die Rol van die Seemag in Duits Suidwes-Afrika, 1914–15’, in Militaria, 7, 2, 1977, pp. 56–69Google Scholar, and Cooke, Bryan V., ‘War and Peace: Swakopmund, 1914–1915’, in S.W.A.A., 1978, pp. 140–3Google Scholar.

^{page 60 note 4} Such a distinction disappeared once the S.A.D.F. found itself involved in trying to contain a war of liberation in the northern arc of Namibia waged by the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (P.L.A.N.), the military arm of the premier African nationalist political grouping in the country – the South-West Africa People's Organisation (S.W.A.P.O.).

^{page 61 note 1} For an extensive analysis, see Schoeman, Stephanus J., ‘Suidwes-Afrika onder Militêre Bestuur, 1915–1920’, M.A. thesis, University of Pretoria, 1976, esp. pp. 20–41Google Scholar.

^{page 61 note 2} Tötemeyer, , Namibia Old and New, pp. 40–2Google Scholar.

^{page 61 note 3} South Africa, Report on the Conduct of the Ovakuanyama Chief Mandume, and on the Military Operations Conducted against Him in Ovamboland. Presented to Both Houses of Parliament (Cape Town, 1917), esp. p. 18Google Scholar for casualties; ‘Windhoek Memorials’, in S.W.A.A., 1974, pp. 132–3, 135, and 137Google Scholar; and Nissen Davis, ‘“Shongola” Cocky Hahn “The Whip”’, in ibid. 1977, pp. 33, 35, and 37.

^{page 62 note 1} See the discussion in Cockram, Gail-Maryse, South West African Mandate (Cape Town, 1976), pp. 84–90Google Scholar, and in Bradford, Robert L., ‘The Origin and Concession of the League of Nations’ Class “C” Mandate for South West Africa and Fulfilment of the Sacred Trust, 1919–1939’, Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, 1965, pp. 270–84Google Scholar.

^{page 62 note 2} South West Africa Constitution Act, No. 42 of 1925, Sections 26(g) and (h) on defence, and Section 27(a) on the police. See the discussion in ‘Progress of Government’, in S.W.A.A., 1945, pp. 17, 19, 21, and 23.

^{page 62 note 3} On the fusion of the Union and territorial police forces, see Bradford, op. cit. pp. 277–8. The official explanation for sending police reinforcements to the territory is given in the South African Parliament, House of Assembly, Debates (Cape Town), 34, cols. 3050–1, 18 04 1939, and cols. 4955–6, 19 05 1939Google Scholar. The rise of national socialism is analysed by Steubel, Heinrich, ‘Die Entwicklung des National-sozialismus in Südwestafrika’, in Vierteljahrshefte für Zietgeschichte (Munich), 1, 2, 04 1953, pp. 170–6Google Scholar.

^{page 62 note 4} See Cockram, op. cit. pp. 128–62; ‘Where Are They Now? 50: Maj. Gen. van der Spuy Turns Back the Clock’, in Paratus, 30, 8, August 1979, p. 40, and Davey, Arthur M., The Bondelzwarts Affair: a study of the repercussions (Pretoria, 1961)Google Scholar, Communications of the University of South Africa, No. C31.

^{page 62 note 5} See Goldblatt, Israel, History of South West Africa from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century (Cape Town, 1971), p. 223Google Scholar, and Bradford, op. cit. p. 209, fn. 2.

^{page 62 note 6} The campaign is described by Kriegler, J. B., ‘Operation Ipumbu’, in Military History Journal, 2, 4, 12 1972, pp. 128–31Google Scholar, as well as by Castle, Phil, ‘The Battle of the Bees’, in S.W.A.A., 1969, pp. 19–27Google Scholar, while the reaction of the League is given in Bradford, op. cit. p. 209, fn. 2.

^{page 63 note 1} On recruitment for the U.D.F., consult ‘War Found Them Ready and Eager’, in S.W.A.A., 1945, pp. 30–1, 33, and 35, and Tylden, op. cit. pp. 182–3. On coastal defence, see Swann, R. J., ‘27 Squadron: men who safeguard our coasts’, in Paratus, 30, 3, 03 1979, pp. 12–13Google Scholar, and Turner, L. C. F., Gordon-Cumming, H. R., and Betzler, J. E., War in the Southern Oceans, 1939–1945 (Cape Town, 1961), p. 15Google Scholar.

^{page 63 note 2} See, for example, the two articles by Castle, Phil, ‘Ships Which Never Made Port’, in S.W.A.A., 1970, pp. 43–51 and 94–6Google Scholar, dealing with vessels sunk by U-510 and U-509, respectively.

^{page 63 note 3} See Robertson, Elizabeth (compiler), Subject List and Index of the Laws of South West Africa from 1915, in Force in 1969 (Johannesburg, 1973), p. 52Google Scholar, University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Bibliography, Librarianship, and Typography.

^{page 63 note 4} Consult Schmokel, Wolfe W., Dream of Empire: German colonialism, 1919–1945 (New Haven and London, 1964), pp. 155, 161, 166–7, 174, and 184Google Scholar.

^{page 64 note 1} ‘War Found Them Ready and Eager’, pp. 30–5, and Tötemeyer, , Namibia Old and New, pp. 63, 195, 197, and 203Google Scholar.

^{page 64 note 2} Slonim, Solomon, South West Africa and the United Nations: an international mandate in dispute (Baltimore and London, 1973), p. 92Google Scholar.

^{page 64 note 3} International Court of Justice, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders, 1950. International Status of South-West Africa: Advisory Opinion of July 11th, 1950 (Leyden, n.d.), p. 114Google Scholar.

^{page 65 note 1} International Court of Justice, Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents, 1966: South West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), 12 Vols. (n.p. and n.d.), 1, pp. 181–3, and 4, pp. 553–71Google Scholar.

^{page 65 note 2} Ibid. 4, pp. 47–66; 6, pp. 351–90; 9, pp. 235–7; and 12, pp. 316–25.

^{page 65 note 3} Ibid. 11, pp. 574–99.

^{page 65 note 4} South Africa, Department of Information, Ethiopia and Liberia versus South Africa: an official account of the contentious proceedings on South West Africa before the International Court of Justice at The Hague, 1960–1966 (Pretoria, 1966), p. 264Google Scholar; and International Court of Justice, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders, 1966: South West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa). Second Phase. Judgment of 18 July 1966 (n.p. and n.d.), pp. 205–13 (van Wyk), 320–2 (Tanaka), and 330 (Jessup).

^{page 65 note 5} See ‘Partners in Combat’, in Backgrounder (South African Embassy, Washington, D.C.), 7, 07 1978, pp. 4–8Google Scholar.

^{page 65 note 6} See Lowin, David R.,‘Causes and Aspects of the Growth of the South African Defence Force and the Military Industrial Complex, 1960 to 1977’, M.A. thesis, University of York, 1977Google Scholar, as well as Mugomba, Agrippah T., The Foreign Policy of Despair: Africa and the sale of arms to South Africa (Nairobi, 1977)Google Scholar.

^{page 66 note 1} Goldblatt, op. cit. p. 262.

^{page 67 note 1} Further details were provided by Richard Dale, ‘South African Counterinsurgency Operations in South-West Africa’, 11th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, Los Angeles, 16–19 October 1968.

^{page 67 note 2} Tötemeyer, , Namibia Old and New, p. 131Google Scholar.

^{page 67 note 3} For an appraisal of some of the literature on these topics, see Dale, Richard, ‘The Eroding of the White Redoubt: the study of insurgency and counterinsurgency in the context of Southern Africa’, in Armed Forces and Society (Chicago), 3, 4, Summer 1977, pp. 655–70Google Scholar.

^{page 67 note 4} See Theodoropoulos, Christos, ‘Support for SWAPO's War of Liberation in International Law’, in Africa Today (Denver), 26, 2, Second Quarter 1979, pp. 39–48Google Scholar, and Booysen, H., ‘Terrorists, Prisoners of War and South Africa’, in South African Yearbook of International Law (Pretoria), 1, 1975, pp. 14–45Google Scholar.

^{page 68 note 1} Consult Shepherd, George W. Jr, Anti-Apartheid: transnational conflict and western policy in the liberation of South Africa (Westport, Conn., 1977), ch. 8Google Scholar.

^{page 68 note 2} Wilkinson, Anthony R., ‘Introduction’ and ‘Conclusion’ in Raeburn, Michael, Black Fire! Accounts of the Guerrilla War in Rhodesia (London, 1978), pp. 1–52 and 233–43, respectivelyGoogle Scholar.

^{page 68 note 3} For a thoughtful examination of the consociational model in the Namibian milieu, see Tötemeyer, , South West Africa/Namibia, pp. 278–85Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 1} United Nations, Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General Submitted Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 431 (1978) Concerning the Situation in Namibia (New York), S/12827, 29 08 1978, paras. 26 (military), 30 (police), and 32 (civilians)Google Scholar. The Western plan may be found in United Nations, Security Council, Letter Dated so April from the Representatives of Canada, France, Germany,…the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of America Addressed to the President of the Security Council (New York), S/12636, 10 04 1978Google Scholar. Such proposals were subsequently accepted by Prime Minister Vorster, B. J. in his statement to the South African Parliament; House of Assembly, Debates, 73, cols. 5535–7, 25 04 1978Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 2} See the discussion by Shepherd, George W. Jr, ‘No Free and Fair Settlement in Namibia: the collapse of the Western Five plan’, in Africa Today, 26, 2, Second Quarter 1979, pp. 7–22Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 3} ‘The Angola File’, in Paratus, 29, 6, June 1978, pp. 3–6.

^{page 69 note 4} Consult Luttig, A. J., ‘The Legality of the Rhodesian Military Operation inside Mozambique: the problem of hot pursuit on land’, in South African Yearbook of International Law, 3, 1977, pp. 136–49Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 5} ‘SWA Specialist Unit Goes into Battle!’, in Paratus, 30, 7, 07 1979, pp. 6–9Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 6} See Lovett, John, Contact: a tribute to those who serve Rhodesia (Howick, South Africa, 1978), pp. 83–4Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 7} Kruger, Nic, ‘Die Rehoboth Basterkommando’, in Paratus, 28, 5, 05 1977, pp. 30–1Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 8} Shaun Johnson, ‘The Namas Get Their Own Army’, in ibid. 28, 9, September 1977, pp. 2–4.

^{page 69 note 9} ‘Die Manne van 35 Bataljon’, in ibid. 30, 1, January 1979, pp. 10–11.

^{page 69 note 10} ‘A Deserved Abode in 1 Military Area’, in ibid. 29, 6, june 1978, pp. 34–5.

^{page 69 note 11} Leon Gouws, ‘In Kavango Werk Hulle Kilphard aan'n Eie Lëer’, in ibid. 27, 3 March 1976, p. 7, and ‘34 Battalion Have Proved Their Mettle in Action’, in ibid. 30, 1, January 1979, pp. 10–11.

^{page 69 note 12} ‘Earning Their Place in the Front Lines’, and ‘Kaokoland: aggressive efficiency during manoeuvres’, in ibid. 30, 1, January 1979, pp. 12 and 12–13, respectively.

^{page 69 note 13} ‘Die Swart Soldate Is Baie Doeltreffend’, in ibid. p. 7.

^{page 70 note 1} C. Bower, H. Salkow, and H. Jooste, ‘Coloureds Add Another Proud Military Chapter: their OC asks: ‘Is There a Finer Unit’?’, in ibid. 28, 1, January 1977, pp. 14–15 and ‘21 Battalion Celebrates its Fifth Anniversary’, in ibid. 30, 6, June 1979, p. 40.

^{page 70 note 2} ‘“Please Help Us!”’, in ibid. 26, 9, September 1975, pp. 22–8, and W. H. Pretorius and N. Kruger,‘More Refugees, More SADF Assistance’, in ibid. 27, 12, December 1976, p. 17.

^{page 70 note 3} For an overview of such programmes, see ‘SADF Feared by the Forces of Violence, Terror and Anarchy’, in ibid. 30, 6, June 1979, pp. 16–17; and for an example among the Namibian Bushmen, see Anne Marie du Preez, ‘Boesmans Beur Vooruit!’, in ibid. 30, 8, August 1979, pp. 6–7.

^{page 70 note 4} Heggoy, Alf A., Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Algeria (Bloomington and London, 1972), ch. 12Google Scholar.

^{page 70 note 5} See, for example, Potholm, Christian P., ‘The Multiple Roles of the Police as Seen in the African Context’, in The Journal of Developing Areas (Macomb), 3, 2, 01 1969, pp. 139–57Google Scholar.

^{page 70 note 6} ‘Police Can Now Serve Anywhere in the World’, in the weekly airmail edition of The Star (Johannesburg), 31 03 1979Google Scholar.

^{page 70 note 7} See, for instance, ‘The SADF Cares for All the People of SWA in Terms of Safety and Spiritual Wellbeing’, in Paratus, 30, 1, 01 1979, pp. 16–17.

^{page 71 note 1} ‘Navy's Harbour Protection Plans’, in ibid. 30, 4, April 1979, p. 18, and ‘Naval Command Walvis Bay’, in ibid. 30, 8, August 1979, pp. 14–15.

^{page 71 note 2} Gordon et al. (compilers), op. cit. p. 537.

^{page 71 note 3} The phrase appears in Lasswell, Harold, Politics: who gets what, when, how (1936, New York edn. 1958), p. 100Google Scholar.

^{page 71 note 4} Some provocative scenarios for the future of Namibia may be found in Tötemeyer, , South West Africa/Namibia, pp. 317–19Google Scholar, while the vexing question of how to disengage from Namibia is thoughtfully discussed in Barratt, John, Eyes on the Eighties: the international political outlook for Southern Africa (Braamfontein, 1979), pp. 9–11Google Scholar, Occasional Paper by the South African Institute of International Affairs. Intimations of praetorianism as a future scenario for South Africa may be found in Legum, Cohn, ‘Conclusion: looking to the future’, in Carter, Gwendolen M. and O'Meara, Patrick (eds.), Southern Africa in Crisis (Bloomington and London, 1977), pp. 263–4Google Scholar.