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²⁴ As explained by Bolt, Richard and Silawe, Mary, ‘Maize Production in Northern Province: a review of issues from farm level production to provincial policies’, Kasama, n.d., p. 15, the Northern Province Co-operative Union had only 19 of the 160 trucks needed to move the harvested crop during the 1987–9 season, and as a result almost half the maize was either wasted or remained in unsafe storage. According to Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation/Zambia Co-operative Federation (ZIMCO/S.C.F.), A Report of Transport Development for the Cooperative Movement in Zambia (Lusaka, 1989), p. 51, the poor condition of most feeder roads meant that an 8-ton truck could only make one trip a day, covering on average a distance of no more than 50–70 kilometres.Google Scholar

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²⁹ Evaluation of Zambia's Maize Sub-Sector, p. 20.

³⁰ According to ZIMCO/Z.C.F., op. cit. p. 52, private transporters were estimated in 1989 to be earning on average four times more on good than bad roads, not counting each vehicle's lower long-term cost of wear-and-tear.

³¹ Zambia Daily Mail, 27 October 1990.

³² Times of Zambia, 2 October 1990.

³³ Ibid. 12 January 1991.

³⁴ Fourth National Development Plan, 1989–93, p. 90.

³⁵ According to the Evaluation of Zambia's Maize Sub-Sector, p. 164, the smuggling of this grain into Zaïre was estimated in 1990 to offer a 700 per cent mark-up compared to official Zambian prices.Google Scholar

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³⁷ According to the Times of Zambia, 29 July 1991, Chief Mpezeni of the Eastern Province was reported to have been ‘only too willing to admit he has allowed his subjects to sell their maize to ADMARC in Malawi because ECU took long to pay’.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Times of Zambia, 10 October 1990.

⁴⁰ Ibid. 12 February 1991.

⁴¹ The Government issued a directive in August 1990 that ‘this year the farmer will get fertilizer as well as seed on a cash basis only as opposed to the twelve month credit which was allowed last year’ — Prices and Maize Marketing Arrangements for the 1990–91 Season (Lusaka, 1990), p. 1. Yet in October and November, farmers were busy applying for loans at their primary societies, some of which promised to give inputs to approved members on a basis of trust.Google Scholar

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⁴³ Ibid. 12 January 1991.

⁴⁴ Zambia Daily Mail, 31 October 1991.

⁴⁵ Ibid. 2 October 1991.

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⁴⁷ Ibid. 1 November 1991.

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⁸³ Ibid.

⁸⁴ Skønsberg, Elsa, The Kefa Records: everyday life among women and men in a Zambian village (Oslo, 1981), pp. 48ff,Google Scholar and Kongstad, Per and Mönstedt, Mette, Family, Labour and Trade in Western Kenya (Uppsala, 1980), pp. 115ff.Google Scholar

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⁸⁶ This is probably most evident by the fact that traditional cassava cultivation areas still lack both adequate storage and processing facilities for maize at the household level.

⁸⁷ Information about the division of labour and incomes is somewhat contradictory. Bolt, Richard and Holdsworth, Ian, ‘Farming Systems Economy and Agricultural Commercialisation’, Kasama, 1987, p. 7, point out that ‘the responsibility for traditional crops increases for women with commercialization.Google Scholar According to Geisler, Gisela, Keller, Bonnie, and Chuzo, Pia, The Needs of Rural Women in Northern Province (Lusaka, 1985), p. 7, women in the area controlled incomes from the sale of beans. But this conclusion was modified by the findings of a 1986 O.D.A.–sponsored survey that women shared control with men;Google Scholar see Young, Kate and Evans, Alison, Gender Issues in Household Labour Allocation (London, n.d.), p. 67.Google Scholar

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⁹³ In some areas of the Eastern Province, close to the provincial capital, Chipata, farmers drastically increased their production of vegetables, which until the crucial 1989 season had been a minor source of cash. Unfortunately, the restricted urban market became oversupplied, and as a result prices were depressed and the marketing of these highly perishable crops often became uneconomical. Yet farmers did not appear to either reduce production or branch out to more ‘storage friendly’ varieties.

⁹⁴ Geisler and Narrowe, op. cit. p. 30.

⁹⁵ As reported in the Daily Express, 13 September 1991, p. 24, the equivalent value of up to 8 bags of maize was by then needed to buy a pair of leather shoes.Google Scholar

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¹⁰² Elson, ‘Male Bias in Macro-Economics’, p. 185.

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