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^{Page 626 note 3} Lerner, D., The Passing of Traditional Society: modernizing the Middle East (New York, 1958).Google Scholar

^{Page 626 note 4} Ibid. p. 60.

^{Page 627 note 1} McCrone, D. and Cnudde, C., ‘Toward a Communication Theory of Democratic Political Development: a causal model’, in The American Political Science Review (Washington), LXI, 1, 03 1967.Google Scholar

^{Page 627 note 2} W. Schramm and L. Ruggels, ‘How Mass Media Systems Grow’, in Lerner and Schramm, op. cit. p. 57.

^{Page 627 note 3} Sen, L., ‘The Concept of Tradition and Modernity: a re-evaluation’; Second World Congress of Rural Sociology, Enschede, The Netherlands, 1968.Google Scholar

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^{Page 628 note 1} Rogers, E., Diffusion of Innovations (New York, 1962), p. 17.Google Scholar

^{Page 628 note 2} E.g. Zaleznik, A. and Moment, D., The Dynamics of Interpersonal Behavior (New York, 1963),Google Scholar and Cartwright, D. and Zander, A., Group Dynamics: research and theory (Illinois, 2nd edn. 1962),Google Scholar for small groups; Katz, D. and Kahn, R., The Social Psychology of Organization (New York, 1965), pp. 275–88,Google Scholar for formal organisations.

^{Page 628 note 3} Deutschmann, P., ‘Machine Simulation of Information Diffusion in a Small Community’, unpublished paper, San José, Costa Rica, 1962.Google Scholar

^{Page 628 note 4} Foster, G., ‘Peasant Society and the Image of the Limited Good’, in American Anthropologist (Wisconsin), LXVII, 2, 04 1965.Google Scholar

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^{Page 630 note 1} Rogers, E. and Svenning, L., Modernization among Peasants: the impact of communications (New York, 1969).Google Scholar

^{Page 630 note 2} Expressed in dot notations, _r1423 = O. Further, _r14.3 = _r14.2, and this should be greater than _r14.23, if the model were to be supported. An added restriction to the model is that these first.order partials, _r14.2 and _r14.3, should be greater than the second-order partial, _r14.23.

^{Page 630 note 3} There are established precedents for the use of path analysis technique with social science data; for example, Duncan, O., ‘Path Analysis: sociological examples’, in The American Journal of Sociology (Chicago), LXXII, 1, 07 1966,Google Scholar See Blalock, H. and Blalock, A. (eds.), Methodology in Social Research (New York, 1968), for the assumptions of path analysis.Google Scholar

^{Page 631 note 1} Key to the variables shown as subscripts in this table: 1 = urban contact; 2 = literacy; 3 = mass media exposure; and = innovativeness. A good jit (*) means that we can erase the causal linkage between these two variables in the system.

^{Page 632 note 1} Expression (1): subscript means ‘Direct effect or beta weight of urban contact on mass media exposure.’ Expression (2): subscript means ‘Direct effect of urban contact on literacy, controlling on mass media exposure’. Beta weights and partial correlations should be equal to zero (= o), subject to sampling error.

^{Page 632 note 2} Path coefficients indicate how much a dependent variable would be expected to change per unit of standardised changes in the independent variable. The figures attached to the infinity sign (∞) correspond to the effects on the dependent variables that are attributable to other factors not explicitly measured in the study.

^{Page 633 note 1} Deutschmann, P., ‘The Mass Media in an Underdeveloped Village’, P.I.I.P., San José, Costa Rica, 1962.Google Scholar