Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T13:01:36.338Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Supreme Court and federalism in Nigeria*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2008

Rotimi T. Suberu*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract

Since Nigeria's transition from military to civilian rule in 1999, the country's Supreme Court has risen from a position of relative political obscurity and institutional vulnerability into a prominent and independent adjudicator of inter-governmental disputes in this chronically conflicted federation. Examined here is the Court's arbitration, during President Olusegun Obasanjo's two civilian constitutional terms (1999–2007), of fifteen different federal-state litigations over offshore oil resources, revenue allocation, local governance and public order. The Court's federalism decisions were remarkably independent and reasonably balanced, upholding the constitutional supremacy of the Federal Government in several findings, tilting towards the states in some declarations, and simultaneously underwriting federal authority and state autonomy in other rulings. Despite the Court's important and independent role, however, the Nigerian federation was vexed by violent conflicts, underscoring the structural, political and constitutional constraints on judicial federalism in this notoriously complex and divided country.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The author gratefully acknowledges the financial and institutional support of the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), the personal encouragement of Chief Adeniyi Akintola (Senior Advocate of Nigeria-SAN), and the invaluable suggestions of an anonymous reviewer for the journal.

References

REFERENCES

Adamolekun, L. 2005. ‘The Nigerian federation at the crossroads: the way forward’, Publius: The Journal of Federalism 35, 3: 383405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ade.Ajayi, J. & Akinseye-George, Y.. 2002. Kayode Eso: the making of a judge. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.Google Scholar
Agbese, D. 2007. ‘Tukur's Report’, Newswatch 25.6.2007: 16.Google Scholar
Alabi, M. 2002. The Supreme Court in the Nigerian Political System, 1963–1997. Ibadan: Demyaxs Press.Google Scholar
Alemika, E. 2006. ‘Judicial independence, the supreme court and political development in Nigeria’, in Guobadia & Adekunle, The Uwais Court.Google Scholar
Alero, A. 2006. Supreme Court Legacy. Ibadan: St. Paul's Publishing House.Google Scholar
Arthur-Worrey, F. 2006. ‘The supreme court and the challenge of legal development in Nigeria, 1995–2006’, in Guobadia & Adekunle, The Uwais Court.Google Scholar
Belgore, M. 2002. ‘Does National Judicial Council have power over state judiciary?’, The Comet 18.1.2002: 26.Google Scholar
Dudley, B. 1982. An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Ebeku, K. 2003. ‘Nigerian Supreme Court and ownership of offshore oil’, Natural Resources Forum 27: 291–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egede, E. 2005. ‘Who owns the Nigerian offshore seabed: federal or states?’, Journal of African Law 49, 1: 7393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekikerentse, G. 2001. ‘Federalism, the constitution and resource control’, The Guardian 30.7.2001: 58.Google Scholar
Eso, K. 2006. ‘Foreword’, in Guobadia & Adekunle, The Uwais Court.Google Scholar
Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN). 1999. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Lagos: Federal Government Press.Google Scholar
Guobadia, D. & Adekunle, A. eds. 2006. The Uwais Court: the Supreme Court and the challenge of legal development, 1995–2006. Lagos: Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D. 2006. ‘Constitutional courts: a premier for decision makers’, Journal of Democracy 17, 4: 125–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2007. Criminal Politics: violence, ‘godfathers’ and corruption in Nigeria. New York: HRW.Google Scholar
Ibori, J. 2002. ‘Resource control agitation not resolved’, <http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/rarticles/resource_control_agitation_not_r.htm>..>Google Scholar
Ikhariale, M. 2005. ‘Resource control judgement: who to blame?’, <http://www.dawodu.com/ikhrial1.htm>..>Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (ICG). 2006a. ‘The swamps of insurgency: Nigeria's Delta unrest’, Africa Report No. 115, 3.8.2006.Google Scholar
ICG. 2006b. ‘Nigeria's faltering federal experiment’, Africa Report No. 119, 25.10.2006.Google Scholar
Lohor, J. 2007. ‘Litigations consolidate democracy, says Obasanjo’, This Day 31.1.2007.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, J. 1966. Nigerian Government and Politics. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Ogowewo, T. 2000. ‘Why the judicial annulment of the constitution of 1999 is imperative for the survival of Nigeria's democracy’, Journal of African Law 44, 2: 135–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ojo, A. 1974. ‘The role of the supreme court in the resolution of power conflict between the federal and regional governments under the constitution of the first republic’, Nigerian Law Journal 8: 6779.Google Scholar
Okere, B. O. 1987. ‘Judicial activism or passivity in interpreting the Nigerian constitution’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly 36, 4: 788816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oko, O. 2005. ‘Seeking justice in transitional societies: an analysis of the problems and failures of the judiciary in Nigeria’, Brooklyn Journal of International Law 31, 1: 982.Google Scholar
Posner, D. & Young, D.. 2007. ‘The institutionalisation of political power in Africa’, Journal of Democracy 18, 3: 126–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagay, I. 1988. A Legacy for Posterity: the work of the Supreme Court, 1980–1988. Lagos: Nigerian Law Publications.Google Scholar
Soyinka, W. 2006. ‘Towards the dismantling of an evil empire’, The Guardian 22.12.2006.Google Scholar
Suberu, R. 2001. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Supreme Court (SC). 124/1999. AG Cross River v. AG Federation & Another, reported in Supreme Court Monthly (Ibadan) 2005. 7: 71108.Google Scholar
SC28/2001a. AG Federation v. AG Abia & Ors, Supreme Court Monthly 2001. 9: 45110.Google Scholar
SC28/2001b. AG Federation v. AG Abia & Ors, Supreme Court Monthly 2002. 6: 1234.Google Scholar
SC137/2001. AG Ogun & Ors v. AG Federation, Supreme Court Monthly 2002. 14: 132.Google Scholar
SC200/2001. AG Ondo v. AG Federation & Ors, Supreme Court Monthly 2002. 9: 170.Google Scholar
SC353/2001. AG Lagos v. AG Federation & Ors, Supreme Court Monthly 2003. 9: 1148.Google Scholar
SC3/2002. AG Abia & Ors v. AG Federation, Supreme Court Monthly 2002. 5: 1138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SC227/2002. AG Abia & Ors v. AG Federation, Supreme Court Monthly 2003. 1: 161.Google Scholar
SC245/2003. AG Abia v. AG Federation & Ors, Supreme Court Monthly 2005. 7: 170.Google Scholar
SC3/2004. AG Anambra v. AG Federation & Ors, Supreme Court Monthly 2005. 5: 162.Google Scholar
SC70/2004. AG Lagos v. AG Federation, Supreme Court Monthly 2004. 912: 1104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SC113/2004. Plateau State & Another v. AG Federation & Another, Supreme Court Monthly 2006. 1: 130205.Google Scholar
SC144/2004. AG Adamawa & Ors v. AG Federation & Ors, Supreme Court Monthly 2005. 12: 174.Google Scholar
SC99/2005. AG Abia & Ors v. AG Federation & Ors, Supreme Court Monthly 2006. 1011: 1146.Google Scholar
SC26/2006. AG Kano v. AG Federation, unpublished lead judgement of Mahmud Mohammed, Justice of the Supreme Court, Abuja, 2.3.2007.Google Scholar
SC73/2006. AG Abia v. AG Federation & Ors, unpublished lead judgement of Walter Onnoghen, Justice of the Supreme Court, Abuja, 23.2.2007.Google Scholar
Ughegbe, L. 2006. ‘Ojo, Uwais differ on appointment of supreme court justices’, <http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/news/article14/090506>..>Google Scholar
Williams, F. 1983. Faces, Cases and Places. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2003. Nigeria States Finances Study. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar

Newspapers and periodicals (all published in Lagos)

The Comet; The Guardian; Newswatch; This Day.