^{page 673 note 1} Green, Reginald H., ‘Southern African Development Coordination: toward a functioning dynamic?’, in IDS Bulletin (Brighton), 11, 4, 1980, pp. 53–8,Google Scholar and Hill, Christopher R., ‘Regional Co-operation in Southern Africa’, in African Affairs (London), 82, 327, 04 1983, pp. 215–40.Google Scholar

^{page 673 note 2} Collings, Francis d'A. et al. , ‘The Rand and the Monetary Systems of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 16, 1, 03 1978, pp. 97–121;Google ScholarMosley, Paul, ‘The Southern African Customs Union: a reappraisal’, in World Development (Oxford), 6, 1, 01 1978, pp. 31–43;Google Scholar Peter Robson, ‘Reappraising the Southern African Customs Union: a comment’, in Ibid. 6, 4, April 1978, pp. 461–6; James Cobbe, ‘Integration Among Unequals: the South African Customs Union and Development’, in Ibid. 8, 4, April 1980, pp. 329–36; Fransman, Martin, ‘The Roots of South African Expansionism’, in Southern Africa Research Group, Studies in South African Imperialism (Uppsala, 1977), pp. 1–40;Google ScholarBaffoe, Frank, ‘Some Aspects of the Political Economy of Economic Co-operation and Integration in Southern Africa: the case of South Africa and the countries of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland’, in Journal of Southern African Affairs (Maryland), 3, 09 1978, pp. 327–42;Google ScholarSelwyn, Percy, Industries in the Southern African Periphery: a study of industrial development in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (London, 1975);Google ScholarMurray, Colin, ‘Migrant Labour and Changing Family Structure in the Rural Periphery of South Africa’, in Journal of Southern African Studies (Oxford), 6, 2, 10 1980, pp. 141–56;Google Scholarde Vletter, Fion, ‘Labour Migration in Swaziland’, in W., Bohning (ed.), Black Migration to South Africa (Geneva, 1981);Google ScholarCrush, Jonathan S., ‘The Parameters of Dependence in the Southern African Region: the case of Swaziland’, in Journal of Southern African Affairs, 4, 1, 01 1979, pp. 55–66;Google Scholar and Leys, Roger, ‘Lesotho: non-development or underdevelopment. Towards an Analysis of the Political Economy of the Labour Reserve’, in M, Timothy M. and A, Kenneth A. (eds.), The Politics of Africa: dependence and development (London, 1979), pp. 95–130.Google Scholar

^{page 674 note 1} Government of Swaziland, Third National Development Plan, 1978–9 to 1982–3 (Mbabane, 1978);Google Scholar Government of Lesotho, Third National Development Plan, 1980–1 to 1985–6 (Maseru, 1980);Google Scholar and Sores Inc., Tourist Market Diversification Survey: Kingdom of Swaziland (Montreal, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 674 note 2} The concept of the ‘pleasure periphery’ is developed in Turner, Louis and Ash, John, The Golden Hordes: international tourism and the pleasure periphery (London, 1975),Google Scholar and Turner, Louis, ‘The International Division of Leisure: tourism and the Third World’, in World Development, 4, 3, 03 1976, pp. 253–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 674 note 3} See de Kadt, Emmanuel, Tourism: passport to development? (London, 1979);Google ScholarBritton, Robert, ‘Shortcomings of Third World Tourism’, in Vogeler, I. and de Souza, A. (eds.), Dialectics of Third World Development (Totowa, N.J., 1980), pp. 241–8;Google ScholarBritton, Stephen, ‘The Political Economy of Tourism in the Third World’, in Annals of Tourism Research (Elmsford, N.Y.), 9, 1982, pp. 331–58;Google Scholar and, for the African case, Lea, John, ‘Changing Approaches Towards Tourism in Africa: planning and perspectives’, in Journal of Contemporary African Studies (Pretoria), 1, 1, 10 1981, pp. 19–40.Google Scholar

^{page 675 note 1} Fransman, Martin, ‘The State and Development in Swaziland, 1960–77’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sussex, Brighton, 1978;Google Scholar and Turner, Stephen, ‘Sesotho Farming: the conditions and prospects of agriculture in the lowlands and foothills of Lesotho’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of London, 1978.Google Scholar

^{page 675 note 2} Crush, Jonathan, ‘National Parks in Africa: a note on a problem of indigenization’, in African Studies Review (Los Angeles), 23, 3, 12 1980, pp. 21–32.Google Scholar

^{page 678 note 1} Wellings, Paul A. and Crush, Jonathan S., ‘Tourism and Dependency in Southern Africa: the prospects and planning of tourism in Lesotho’, in Applied Geography (Guildford), 3, 3, 07 1983, pp. 205–23.Google Scholar

^{page 678 note 2} The practice of statistical projection has continued unabashed. Sores Inc., op. cit., recently predicted an annual influx of over 200,000 tourists into Swaziland by the mid-1980s on very tenuous grounds.

^{page 679 note 1} Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 23 01 1983.Google Scholar

^{page 679 note 2} Turner, , op. cit. p. 253.Google Scholar

^{page 679 note 3} Chib, S., ‘Tourism and the Third World’, in Third World Quarterly (London), 2, 2, 04 1980, p. 287.Google Scholar

^{page 679 note 4} Sores Inc., op. cit.; and Steigenberger Consulting, Tourism Marketing Study for Qeme Plateau, Sehlabathebe National Park, Oxbow (Frankfurt/Zurich, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 680 note 1} Government of Swaziland, Second National Development Plan, 1973 to 1977 (Mbabane, 1973).Google Scholar

^{page 680 note 2} Associated Research Consultants, Development Plan for Tourism for Lesotho. This fall reflects the growing relative importance of Bloemfontein as a source region. In 1976, 45 per cent of tourists stayed one night in Lesotho; by 1980, the corresponding figure was 75 per cent.

^{page 681 note 1} For further analysis of the changing spatial patterns and temporal rhythms of tourist movements to Lesotho, see Wellings and Crush, loc.cit. pp. 205–23.

^{page 681 note 2} Kadt, de, op. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 682 note 1} Fair, T. J. Denis, Towards Balanced Spatial Development in Southern Africa (Pretoria, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 685 note 1} Government of Swaziland, Third National Development Plan, p. 121, and Government of Lesotho, Third National Development Plan, p. 255.

^{page 685 note 2} Holiday Inns Promotion Brochure, ‘Swazi Spa's Holiday Valley’, n.d.

^{page 685 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 685 note 4} Lesotho National Tourist Office Brochure, ‘Lesotho's Magic Mountain Kingdom’, n.d.

^{page 685 note 5} Noronha, Raymond, Social and Cultural Dimensions of Tourism (Washington, D.C., 1979), World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 326, p. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 686 note 1} For the enclave character of Third-World tourism in general, see Stephen Britton, loc. cit.

^{page 686 note 2} Turner, and Ash, op. cit. p. 69.Google Scholar

^{page 687 note 1} Mphuthing, M., ‘Prostitution in Lesotho’, National University of Lesotho, Roma, 1980.Google Scholar

^{page 687 note 2} ‘What's to Be Done About Our Street Girls?’, in Times of Swaziland (Mbabane), 12 01 1978;Google Scholar ‘Moves Against Night Movers’, in Ibid. 1 February 1978; and ‘Hotel Girls Fined’, in Ibid. 30 March 1978.

^{page 687 note 3} Ibid. 12 January 1978.

^{page 687 note 4} See Britton, Robert, ‘The Image of the Third World in Tourism Marketing’, in Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 07–09 1979, pp. 318–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 687 note 5} An estimated 75 per cent of the solt-machine clientele at the Holiday Inn Casino in Maseru are Basotho; personal communication, Tommy Kai, May 1982.

^{page 687 note 6} International Labour Office, Options for a Dependent Economy: development, employment and equity problems in Lesotho (Addis Ababa, 1979).Google Scholar

^{page 688 note 1} This is a general characteristic of pleasure periphery tourism; see Turner and Ash, op. cit.

^{page 688 note 2} Government of Swaziland, Third National Development Plan, and Government of Lesotho, Third National Development Plan.

^{page 688 note 3} The figures for all modern wage-earners include the small numbers employed in the formal production of handicrafts.

^{page 688 note 4} Letter from ‘A Hungry Mother’, in Times of Swaziland, 27 January 1982.

^{page 689 note 1} Stevenson, and Kellogg, , Tourism in Swaziland, Vol. 1, Project Report (Toronto, 1973).Google Scholar

^{page 689 note 2} Steigenberger Consulting, op. cit.

^{page 689 note 3} Government of Swaziland, Third National Development Plan.

^{page 690 note 1} Innes, Duncan and O'Meara, Dan, ‘Class Formation and Ideology: the Transkei region’, in Review of African Political Economy (London), 7, 09–12 1976, pp. 69–86.Google Scholar

^{page 690 note 2} Martin Legassick and Harold Wolpe, ‘The Bantustans and Capital Accumulation in South Africa’, in Ibid. pp. 87–107.

^{page 690 note 3} Maré, Gerhard, African Population Relocation in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1980).Google Scholar See also Southall, Roger, South Africa's Transkei: the political economy of an ‘independent’ bantustan (London, 1982).Google Scholar

^{page 690 note 4} Innes, and O'Meara, , loc. cit. pp. 69–86.Google Scholar

^{page 691 note 1} Molteno, Frank, ‘The Historical Significance of South Africa's Bantustan Strategy’, in Social Dynamics (Cape Town), 3, 2, 12 1977, pp. 15–33;Google ScholarSaul, John S. and Gelb, S., The Crisis in South Africa (London, 1981);Google Scholar and Lincoln, David, ‘State Capital and the Reserve Consolidation Issue’, in TESG (Amsterdam), 73, 4, 1982, pp. 229–36.Google Scholar

^{page 691 note 2} Innes and O'Meara, loc. cit.

^{page 691 note 3} Molteno, , loc. cit. p. 25.Google Scholar

^{page 691 note 4} Saul and Gelb, op. cit.

^{page 691 note 5} Coker, Christopher, ‘Bophuthatswana and the South African Homelands’, in The World Today (Welwyn Garden City), 39, 6, 06 1983, pp. 231–40.Google Scholar

^{page 693 note 1} Another dimension of this alliance concerns the funds raised by the Homeland Governments as part of their capital commitments to casino developments. In the case of Bophuthatswana, over R 15 million was obtained by a direct loan from Pretoria.

^{page 693 note 2} See Wellings and Crush, loc. cit., for further discussion of the corporate structure of the hotel industry in Southern Africa.

^{page 693 note 3} The Constant stream of North American and British entertainers to Sun City, many of whom appear to have little conception of the implication of their visits, also confers an important cultural legitimacy on their own society in the eyes of white South Africans.

^{page 694 note 1} Sunday Times, 19 December 1982, reported that the two corporations were actively considering a merger of their casino interests to mitigate ‘wasteful competition’.

^{page 694 note 2} The final collapse of a casino in Venda built by an Afrikaans entrepreneur, led him to sue the leaders of that Homeland for R5 million, since they bad agreed that the income from Pretoria would be used as security in the event of failure. According to the Sunday Times, 27 April 1983, the South African Government is now in the ludicrous position of having to direct a proportion of its R 100 million aid to Venda to bail out independent-minded Venda slum-lords.

^{page 694 note 3} See ‘Satan's Breeding Place’, in Ibid. 13 September 1981, on the proposed Thaba Nchu casino.

^{page 694 note 4} The Star (Johannesburg), 2 07 1980.Google Scholar

^{page 694 note 5} Streek, Barry and Wicksted, Richard, Render unto Kaiser: a Transkei dossier (Johannesburg, 1981);Google Scholar and Green, Philippa and Hirsch, Alan, ‘The Ciskei: the political economy of control’, in South African Labour Bulletin (Durban), 7, 4–5, 02 1982, pp. 65–85.Google Scholar

^{page 695 note 1} For example, Southern Sun is constructing a R100 million hotel and conference complex in Johannesburg. There are also plans afoot to buy into the North American casino industry.

^{page 696 note 1} Adapted from Wellings and Crush, loc. cit. p. 219.