^{page 110 note 1} Source: World Bank, Rural Development: sector policy paper (Washington, D.C., 1975), pp. 19–20 and 79–80. Calculated at 1969 constant prices.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 1} Johnston, B. F. and Mellor, J. W., ‘The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development’, in American Economic Review (Nashville), 51, 4, 1960, pp. 566–93.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 2} E.g. Jones, W. O., ‘Economic Man in Africa’, in Food Research Institute Studies (Stanford), I, 1960, pp. 107–34;Google ScholarSchultz, Theodore W., Transforming Traditional Agriculture (New Haven, 1964);Google Scholar and Dean, E. R., The Supply Response of African Farmers: theory and measurement in Malawi (Amsterdam, 1966).Google Scholar A neglected pioneering study was that of Bauer, P. T., The Rubber Industry (London, 1948).Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 3} Thorner, Daniel et al. (eds.), A. V. Chayanov: the theory of peasant economy (Homewood, Ill., 1966), originally published in Russian in 1925.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 4} Dovring, Folke, ‘The Share of Agriculture in a Growing Population’, in Eicher, C. K. and Witt, L. W. (eds.), Agriculture in Economic Development (New York, 1964).Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 5} Dorner, Peter, Land Reform and Economic Development (Harmondsworth, 1972);Google Scholar and Lipton, Michael, ‘Towards a Theory of Land Reform’, in Lehmann, David (ed.), Agrarian Reform and Agrarian Reformism: studies of Peru, Chile, China and India (London, 1974).Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 6} Seers, Dudley, ‘The Meaning of Development’, in International Development Review (Washington, D.C.), 6, 1969, pp. 2–6;Google Scholar and Johnston, B. F. and Kilby, Peter, Agriculture and Structural Transformation (New York, 1975).Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 7} Harris, J. R. and Todaro, Michael, ‘Migration, Unemployment and Development: a two-sector analysis’, in American Economic Review, 60, 1, 1970, pp. 126–42;Google Scholar and Todaro, Michael, ‘Income Expectations, Rural-Urban Migration and Employment in Africa’, in International Labour Review (Geneva), 104, 5, 1971, pp. 387–410.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 1} Lipton, Michael, Why Poor People Stay Poor: urban bias in world development (London, 1977).Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 2} Schumacher, E. F., Small is Beautiful (London, 1973).Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 3} See Blaikie, Piers, Cameron, John, and Seddon, David, Nepal in Crisis: growth and stagnation at the periphery (London, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 4} Kocher, James, ‘Rural Development, Income Distribution and Fertility Decline’, Occasional Paper of the Population Council, New York, 1973.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 5} E.g. Myrdal, Gunnar, Asian Drama: an enquiry into the poverty of nations (Harmondsworth, 1968);Google Scholar and Faber, Michael and Seers, Dudley, The Crisis in Planning (London, 1972), Vols. 1 and 2.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 6} Friedmann, John and Douglass, Michael C., ‘Agropolitan Development: towards a new strategy for regional development planning in Asia’, in Lo, F. C. and Salih, Kamal (eds.), Growth Pole Stralegy and Regional Development Planning in Asia (Oxford, 1978).Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 1} Fortes, Meyer, Steel, R. W., and Ady, Peter, ‘Ashanti Survey, 1945–46: an experiment in social research’, in Geographical Journal (London), 110, 1947, pp. 149–79.Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 2} E.g. Belshaw, D. G. R., Bjørlo, T. J., and Shah, M. M., ‘A Hierarchical Systems Formulation of the Rural Development Process’, in Automatica (Oxford), 11, 1975, pp. 401–8;Google Scholar and Lakshmanan, T. R., ‘A Systems Model of Rural Development’, in World Development (Oxford, 10, 10, 1982), pp. 885–98.Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 3} E.g. Griffin, Keith, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change (London, 1974);Google ScholarLeys, Colin, Underdevelopment in Kenya: the political economy of neo-colonialism (London, 1975);Google ScholarBarnett, Tony, The Gezira Scheme: an illusion of development (London, 1977);Google Scholar and Harriss, John, Capitalism and Peasant Farming: agrarian structure and ideology in northern Tamil Nadu (New Delhi, 1982).Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 4} E.g. Geertz, Clifford, Agricultural Involution (Berkeley, 1963);Google Scholar and Brookfield, Harold, Interdependent Development (London, 1975).Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 1} E.g. the school of ‘alternative development’; see, for instance, Haque, Wahidul, Metha, Niranjan, Rahman, Anisur, and Wignaraja, Ponna, ‘Towards a Theory of Rural Development’, in Development Dialogue (Uppsala), 2, 1977, pp. 11–137;Google Scholar and Meehan, E. J., In Partnership with People: an alternative development strategy (St. Louis, Inter-American Foundation, 1978).Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 2} E.g. Amey, Alan, ‘Urban-Rural Relations in Tanzania: methodology, issues and preliminary results’, University of East Anglia, Norwich Development Studies Discussion Paper No. 15, 1976;Google Scholar and Ellis, Frank, ‘Agricultural Price Policy in Tanzania’, in World Development, 10, 4, 1981, pp. 263–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 119 note 1} See e.g. Deboeck, Guido and Kinsey, B. H., ‘Managing Information for Rural Development: lessons from Eastern Africa’, World Bank, Washington, D.C., Staff Working Paper No. 379, 1980;Google Scholar and Clayton, Eric and Pétry, Françoise (eds.), Monitoring Systems for Agricultural and Rural Development Projects (Rome, 1981), Economic and Social Development Paper No. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 2} See Dams, Theodore (ed.), Integrated Rural Regional Development: a workshop report (Munich/Mainz, 1982);Google ScholarBelshaw, D. G. R., ‘An Evaluation of Foreign Planning Assistance to Tanzania's Decentralised Regional Planning Programme’, in Applied Geography (Sevenoaks, Kent), 2, 1982, pp. 291–302;Google ScholarConyers, Diana, ‘Decentralisation for Regional Development: a comparative study of Tanzania, Zambia and Papua New Guinea’; in Public Administration and Development (Chichester), 1, 1981, pp. 107–20;Google Scholar and Hinchliffe, Keith, ‘Conflicts between National Aims in Papua New Guinea: the case of decentralisation and equality’, in Economic Development and Cultural Change (Chicago), 23, 4, 1980, pp. 819–38.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 3} E.g. Carruthers, Ian and Clayton, Eric, ‘Ex Post Evaluation of Agricultural Projects: its implication for planning’, in Journal of Agricultural Economics (Manchester), 28, 3, 1977;Google Scholar and Scott, M. FG., Macarthur, J. D., and Newbery, D. M. G., Project Appraisal in Practice: the LittleMirrlees method applied in Kenya (London, 1976).Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 1} E.g. Bell, C. L. G. and Duloy, J. H., ‘Rural Target Groups’, in Chenery, Hollis et al. (eds.), Redistribution with Growth (London, 1974);Google Scholar and Overseas Development Group, Iringa Region Tanzania – Integrated Rural Development Proposals for the Third Five- Year Plan (Norwich, 1976), Vols. 1 and 2.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 2} Carruthers, Ian and Chambers, Robert, Rapid Rural Appraisal. Special Issue of Agricultural Administration (Barking, Sussex), 10, 4, 1981;Google Scholar and Longhurst, Richard (ed.), ‘Rapid Rural Appraisal: social structure and rural economy’, in IDS Bulletin (Brighton), 12, 4, 10 1981.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 3} Robert Chambers (ed), ‘Rural Development: whose knowledge counts?’, in Ibid. 10, 2, 1979; and Brokensha, D. W. et al. (eds.), Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Development (Washington, D.C., 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 4} Brinkman, J. R. and Young, Anthony (eds.), A Framework for Land Evaluation (Rome, 1976);Google Scholar and Dent, David and Young, Anthony (eds.), Soil Survey and Land Evaluation (London, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 5} O'Riordan, T. and Sewell, W. R. Derrick (eds.), Project Appraisal and Policy Review (Chichester, 1981);Google Scholar and Canter, L., Environmental Impact Assessment (Maidenhead, 1977).Google Scholar

^{page 121 note 1} E.g. Coleman, Gilroy, Pain, Adam, and Belshaw, D. G. R., Village Viability Assessment in the Framework of Regional Planning in Tanzania (Norwich, 1978).Google ScholarCf. also McCall, Michael, Resource Planning Implications of Tanzania's Villagisation Programme (Twente, 1983).Google Scholar

^{page 121 note 2} Connell, John and Lipton, Michael, Assessing Labour Situations in Developing Countries (New Delhi, 1977);Google ScholarBiggs, S. D., ‘Agricultural Models and Rural Poverty’, in Langham, M. R. and Retzlaff, R. H. (eds.), Agricultural Sector Analysis in Asia (Singapore, 1982).Google Scholar See also Belshaw, D. G. R., ‘Planning Methodologies for Integrated Rural Development at the “Grass Roots” level’, in von Boguslawski, M. (ed.), Principles and Limitations of Integrated Rural Development: a workshop report (Giessen, 1979).Google Scholar

^{page 121 note 3} Dickson, David, Alternative Technology (London, 1974);Google ScholarMakhijani, Arjun, Energy and Agriculture in the Third World (Cambridge, Mass., 1975);Google Scholar and Riedijk, W. (ed.), Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries (Delft, 1982).Google Scholar

^{page 122 note 1} Gilbert, E. H., Norman, D. W., and Winch, F. E., ‘Farming Systems Research: a critical appraisal’, Rural Development Paper No. 6 (East Lansing, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 122 note 2} Johnson, E. A. J., The Organization of Space in Developing Countries (Cambridge, Mass., 1970);CrossRefGoogle ScholarFunnell, D. C., ‘The Role of Small Service Centres in Regional and Rural Development: with special reference to Eastern Africa’, in Gilbert, Alan (ed.), Development Planning and Spatial Structure (Chichester, 1976);Google ScholarRondinelli, D. A. and Ruddle, Kenneth, Urbanization and Rural Development: a spatial policy for equitable growth (New York, 1978);Google Scholar and Ramachandran, H., Village Clusters and Rural Development (New Delhi, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 122 note 3} See Beishaw, D. G. R., ‘Rethinking Monitoring and Evaluation Systems for Rural Development Institutions’, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Development Studies Discussion Paper No. 107, 1982.Google Scholar

^{page 122 note 4} Conyers, Diana, An Introduction to Social Planning in the Third World (Chichester, 1982).Google Scholar

^{page 122 note 5} Carley, Michael and Derow, E., Social Impact Assessment: a cross disciplinary guide to the literature (London, 1980);Google ScholarFinsterbusch, K. and Wolf, C. P., The Methodology of Social Impact Assessment (Stroudsberg, Pa., 1977);Google Scholar and Finsterbusch, K., Understanding Social Impacts: assessing the effects of public projects (London, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 1} Hunter, Guy and Bottrall, Anthony (eds.), Serving the Small Farmer. policy choices in Indian agricultural development (London, 1973).Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 2} Belshaw, Deryke and Chambers, Robert, ‘PIM: a practical management system for implementing rural development programmes and projects’, Institute for Development Studies, Nairobi, Discussion Paper No. 162, 1973.Google Scholar For an evaluation, see Livingstone, Ian, ‘Experimentation in Rural Development: Kenya's special rural development programme’, in Agricultural Administration, 3, 1976, pp. 217–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 123 note 3} E.g. Kulp, E. M., Rural Development Planning: systems analysis and working method (New York, 1970);Google ScholarChambers, Robert, Managing Rural Development: ideas and experience from East Africa (Uppsala, 1974);Google Scholar and Moris, Jon, Managing Induced Rural Development (Bloomington, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 1} Ruttan, Vernon, ‘Integrated Rural Development Programs: a skeptical perspective’, in International Development Review (Washington, D.C.), 17, 1975, pp. 9–16;Google Scholar and Livingstone, Ian, ‘On the Concept of Integrated Development Planning in Less Developed Countries’, in Journal of Agricultural Economics, 30, 1979, pp. 49–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 124 note 2} Heyer, Judith, Roberts, Pepe, and Williams, Gavin (eds.), Rural Development in Tropical Africa (London, 1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 125 note 1} Livingston, Ian, ‘The Development of Development Economics’, in Overseas Development Institute Review (London), 2, 1981, p. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 1} Batten, T. R., Communities and Their Development (London, 1957);Google Scholar and Holdcroft, L. E., ‘The Rise and Fall of Community Development in Development Countries, 1950–65: a critical analysis and annotated bibliography’, M.S.U. Rural Development Paper No. 2, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1978.Google Scholar