Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T10:47:31.304Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Protest Marches in South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

J. A. du Pisani ,
M. Broodryk  and
P. W. Coetzer
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The year 1989 will in future generations be known as the annus mirabilis, not only as far as developments in Eastern Europe are concerned, but also within the context of South African politics. The September general elections for the tricameral Parliament marked a turning point in the direction of governmental policies. Nowhere has the changing mood been more clearly demonstrated than in the streets of the cities and towns. A countrywide spate of protest marches has occurred since the historic first government-approved peaceful anti-apartheid march in Cape Town on 13 September 1989, and these have become the most visible symptom of the advance to the so-called ‘new South Africa’.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 28 , Issue 4 , December 1990 , pp. 573 - 602
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Cf. for example Articles 4 and 5 of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, quoted in Brownlie, Ian (ed.), Basic Documents on Human Rights (Oxford, 1971), p. 8.Google Scholar

2 According to Lewin, Arthur, The Law, Procedure and Conduct of Meetings in South Africa (Cape Town, 1975 edn.), p. 164: ‘The right of a number of people to assemble together in a lawful manner for public discussion or other lawful purposes is simply an aggregation of the rights of each of the members of the assembly to go where he pleases so long as he does not break the law…and to say what he pleases provided it be not seditious, blasphemous or defamatory.’Google Scholar

3 Quoted in Brownlie (ed.), op. cit. p. 11.

4 ibid. p. 21.

5 ibid. p. 15.

6 Cf. Henkin, Louis, The Rights of Man Today (London, 1979), pp. 16–18 and 55ff.;Google Scholarde Villiers, D. E., ‘Die Geskiedenis van Menseregte’, in Toit, D. A. du (ed.), Menseregte (Cape Town, 1984), p. 25;Google Scholar and Wiechers, Marinus, Verloren van Themaat, Staatsreg (Durban, 1981 edn.), p. 146.Google Scholar

7 Quoted in Laqueur, Walter and Rubin, Barry (eds), The Human Rights Reader (Philadelphia, 1979), p. 314.Google Scholar

8 Quoted in Henkin, op. cit. p. 68.

9 Cf. ibid. p. 80.

10 Ibid. pp. 18 and 78, de Villiers, loc. cit. p. 25.

11 Brownlie, (ed.), op. cit. pp. 32, 55, 62, 70, and 76.Google Scholar

12 Cf. Article 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, quoted in ibid. pp. 112 and 219. Cf. also Henkin, op. cit. p. 28, and W. P. Esterhuyse, ‘Die Politieke Funksionering van die Idee van Menseregte’, in du Toit (ed.), op. cit. p. 98–100.

13 Brownlie, (ed.), op. cit. pp. 110, 219, 242, 343, 393, and 407.Google Scholar

14 Dugard, John, Human Rights and the South African Legal Order (Princeton, 1978), p. 148.Google Scholar

15 Geyser, O. and Marais, A. H. (eds.), Die Nasionale Party, 1. Agtergrond, Stigting en Konsolidasie (Pretoria and Cape Town, 1975), pp. 113–14,Google Scholar and Mulder, C. P., Die Eerste Skof van die Nasionale Party van Transvaal, 1914–1964 (n.p., n.d.), pp. 19–23 and 36–7.Google Scholar

16 Satyagraha literally means ‘struggle only by means of strength of soul’.

17 Palmer, Mabel, The History of Indians in Natal (Cape Town, 1957), pp. 70–1;Google ScholarMoon, Penderel, Gandhi and Modern India (New York, 1969), pp. 68–71;Google ScholarHolst, H. R., Gandhi (Amsterdam, 1958), pp. 40–2;Google ScholarThe Star (Johannesburg, 1942), 29 07 1989;Google Scholar and The Leader (Durban), 22 09 1989.Google Scholar

18 Kestell, J. D., Christian de Wet. 'n Lewensbeskrywing (Cape Town, 1920), pp. 233, 237, and 240–2;Google ScholarScholtz, G. D., Die Rebellie, 1914–15 (Johannesburg, 1942), pp. 296–7;Google ScholarSteenkamp, J. A., ‘Die Nasionale Vroueparty’, in Acta Diurna Historica (Bloemfontein), 4, 2, 10 1975 p. 22;Google ScholarDie Burger (Cape Town), 19 06 1940; and Geyser and Marais (eds), op. cit. pp. 235–6.Google Scholar

19 Act to Provide for the Better Control and Management of Native Affairs, No. 38 of 1927, in Statutes of the Union of South Africa (Cape Town, 1927), pp. 314–17;Google Scholar Riotous Assemblies (Amendment) Act, No. 19 of 1930, in ibid. 1930, pp. 115–18; and Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act, No. 25 of 1945, in ibid. 1945, pp. 108–206.

20 Karis, Thomas and Carter, Gwendolen M. (eds), From Protest to Challenge: a documentary history of African politics in South Africa, 1882–1964, Vol. 2, Hope and Challenge, 1935–1952 (Stanford, 1973), p. 84.Google Scholar

21 van der Ross, R. E., The Rise and Decline of Apartheid: a study of political movements among the Coloured people of South Africa, 1880–1985 (Cape Town, 1986), pp. 130–1.Google Scholar

22 The Star, 22 June 1940, and Die Burger, 9, 20, 22, and 24 June 1940, and 29 August 1940.

23 Burger, Die, 8 July 1940.Google Scholar

24 Ibid. 10, 18, 19, 22, and 24 July 1940.

25 Ibid. 24 August 1940.

26 Karis, and Carter, (eds.), op. cit. p. 116.Google Scholar

27 Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa (Cape Town, 1974), 10, pp. 255–6.Google Scholar

28 Davenport, T. R. H., South Africa: a modern history (Braamfontein, 1987 edn.), p. 365;Google ScholarRand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 28–30 05 1951;Google ScholarThe Friend (Bloemfontein), 23 and 29 05 1951.Google Scholar

29 Michelman, Cherry, The Black Sash of South Africa: a case study in liberalism (London, 1975), pp. 30–4.Google Scholar

30 The Star, 30 June 1975, and Rogers, Mirabel, The Black Sash: the story of the South African Women's Defence of the Constitution League (Johannesburg, 1956), pp. 30–43.Google Scholar

31 Rogers, op. cit. pp. 104–8, 111, and 115–19.

32 Ibid. pp. 162–81, and The Cape Times, 14 February 1956.

33 Davenport, op. cit. pp. 370–1, and Grobler, Jackie, A Decisive Clash? A Short History of Black Protest Politics in South Africa, 1875–1976 (Pretoria, 1988), pp. 98–100.Google Scholar

34 Davenport, , op. cit. p. 384; Grobler, op. cit. p. 115; The Star, 9 August 1956;Google Scholar and The New Nation (Johannesburg), 4–10 08 1988.Google Scholar

35 Horrell, Muriel, Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa, 1948–1976 (Johannesburg, 1978), pp. 420–1.Google Scholar

36 Statutes of the Union of South Africa, 1956, pp. 143–53.

37 Horrell, op. cit. p. 419.

38 Grobler, op. cit. pp. 122–4, and Maylam, Paul, A History of the African People of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s (London, Cape Town, and Johannesburg, 1986), pp. 189–90.Google Scholar

39 Grobler, op. cit. p. 124, and The Argus (Cape Town), 15 09 1989.Google Scholar

40 Grobler, op. cit. pp. 124–5.

41 Dugard, op. cit. p. 187.

42 Horrell, op. cit. pp. 419–20.

43 Dugard, op. cit. pp. 187–8.

44 Ibid. pp. 188–9.

45 Horrell, , op. cit. pp. 422–3, and Dugard, op. cit. p. 189.Google Scholar

46 Hansard 13, col. 928.

47 Gordon, Lorraine et al. (compiler), A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1978 (Johannesburg, 1979), p. 99.Google Scholar

48 The term ‘Native’ in the titles of both Acts was replaced by ‘Bantu’ and still later by ‘Black’.

49 Horrell, Muriel (compiler), A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1968 (Johannesburg, 1969), p. 265, and 1969 (Johannesburg, 1970), p. 217.Google Scholar

50 Cf. Gordon, Lorraine et al. (compiler), A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1977 (Johannesburg, 1978), pp. 34, 60, and 66, and 1980 (Johannesburg, 1981), pp. 255–6.Google Scholar

51 Republic of South Africa, Government Gazette (Pretoria), 9 06 1982, 204: 8232.Google Scholar

52 Cooper, Carole et al. (compilers), Race Relations Survey, 1982 (Johannesburg, 1983), p. 229.Google Scholar

53 Ibid. p. 261, and 1987/88 (Johannesburg, 1989), pp. 528–9.Google Scholar

54 Ibid.1985, pp. 455 and 460.

55 Ibid. pp. 458–9.

56 Ibid. 1986, pp. 835–6.

57 Ibid. pp. 830 and 837.

58 Ibid.1987/88, pp. 528–9.

59 Ibid.1983, pp. 473–4; 1985, pp. 404–7; 1986, p. 477; 1987/88, pp. 183–7; and 1988/89, pp. 306–7, 311, and 717–18.

60 Ibid.1988/89, pp. 716–18; The Citizen (Johannesburg), 1 03 1988;Google ScholarThe Natal Mercury (Durban), 2 04 1988;Google Scholar and City Press (Johannesburg), 3 04 1988.Google Scholar

61 The Pretoria News, 27 July 1989, and The New Nation, 28 July to 3 08 and 11–17 August 1989.

62 The Argus, 25 and 31 August 1989; Vrye Weekblad (Johannesburg), 1 09 1989;Google Scholar and Beeld (Johannesburg), 4 09 1989.Google Scholar

63 Beeld, 4 September 1989; The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 4 09 1989;Google ScholarWeekly Mail (Johannesburg), 8 09 1989; and Vrye Weekblad, 8 September 1989.Google Scholar

64 Rapport (Johannesburg), 10 09 1989 and Beeld, 15 September 1989.Google Scholar

65 Vrye Weekblad, 25 August 1989; The Argus, 29 August 1989; The Pretoria News, 4 September 1989; The Natal Witness (Pietermaritzburg), 6 09 1989;Google Scholar and Sunday Tribune (Durban), 10 09 1989.Google Scholar

66 The Argus, 7 September 1989.

67 The Citizen, 13 September 1989; The Star, 14 September 1989; and Rapport, 17 September 1989.

68 The chief executive of B.P. South Africa, Ian Sims, who took part in the Cape Town march, expressed his views in an article in Leadership SA (Johannesburg), 10 1989.Google Scholar

69 The Cape Times, Die Burger, The Citizen, and The Sowetan, 14 September 1989, and Vrye Weekblad, 15 September 1989.

70 Die Burger and The Star, 14 September 1989; The Citizen, 15 September 1989; and The Weekend Argus (Cape Town), 16 09 1989.Google Scholar

71 The Weekend Argus, 16 September 1989, and City Press, 8 October 1989.

72 Editorial comment in The Argus, 13 September 1989; Evening Post (Port Elizabeth), Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth), The Pretoria News, Diamond Fields Advertiser (Kimberley), The Daily News (Durban), and The Star, 14 September 1989; and The Natal Witness, 15 September 1989.Google Scholar

73 The Natal Mercury, 14 September 1989.

74 The Citizen, 15 and 22 September 1989; The Star, 15 September 1989; and editorial in The Pretoria News, 22 September 1989.

75 Editorials in Die Burger and Beeld, 14 September 1989, and in Rapport, 17 September 1989.

76 Die Volksblad (Bloemfontein), 13 09 and 7 10 1989;Google ScholarDie Transvaler (Pretoria), 15 09 1989; and Die Burger, 23 September 1989.Google Scholar

77 The Star, 14 September 1989; The Pretoria News, 25 September 1989; and Die Afrikaner (Pretoria), 27 September 1989.Google Scholar

78 Die Patriot (Pretoria), 22 09 1989.Google Scholar

79 The Citizen, 26 September 1989.

80 The Aida Parker Newsletter (Johannesburg), 09 1989.Google Scholar

81 The Sowetan, 2 and 3 October 1989; Die Burger, 3 October 1989; The Sunday Star (Johannesburg) and City Press, 8 10 1989.Google Scholar

82 The Daily News (Durban), 28 09 1989. As reported in The Natal Mercury and The Citizen, 21 May 1990, Inkatha staged its own protest march against international sanctions in Durban.Google Scholar

83 The Sowetan and Eastern Province Herald, 16 October 1989.

84 See for example, The Cape Times, 16 September 1989; Weekly Mail, 29 September to 5 October 1989; Eastern Province Herald, 12 October 1989 Weekend Post (Port Elizabeth), 14 10 1989; and The Star, 2 February 1990.Google Scholar

85 The Star, 29 July 1989, and The New Nation, 22–28 September 1989.

86 The Cape Times, 21 August 1989; Beeld, 4 September 1989; and The Citizen, 4 and 30 September 1989.

87 The Citizen, 29 August 1989, 23 February and 10 March 1990; Vrye Weekblad, 1 September 1989; The Pretoria News and Daily Dispatch (East London), 23 02 1990;Google ScholarThe Star, 27 February 1990; Eastern Province Herald, 5 April 1990; and Beeld, 19 May 1990.

88 Oosterlig (Port Elizabeth), 23 03 1990; The Cape Times, 26 March 1990; and The Natal Witness, 5 April 1990.Google Scholar

89 The Sowetan, 16 October 1989.

90 City Press, 18 February 1990; Weekend Post, 24 February 1990; The Cape Times, 30 March 1990; and Weekly Mail, 30 March to 4 April 1990.

91 Pretoria News, 30 October 1989.

92 The Sowetan, 8 and 27 February 1990; The Star, 14 and 15 February 1990; and City Press, 18 March 1990.

93 The New Nation, 9–15 February 1990, and The Sowetan, 22 March and 5 April 1990.

94 The New Nation, 1–7 December 1989; The Natal Mercury, 15 March, 4 April, and 1 May 1990; The Leader (Durban) and The Daily News, 4 05 1990.Google Scholar

95 The New Nation, 6–12 October 1989.

96 Daily Dispatch, 29 January 1990; The Star, 1 February 1990; The Natal Witness, 1 and 2 February 1990; City Press, 4 February 1990; Business Day (Johannesburg), 9 02 1990; and The Citizen, 14 February 1990.Google Scholar

97 Cf. for example, The New Nation, 29 September to 5 October 1989; Die Volksblad, 16 October 1989; Weekend Post, 4 November 1989; The Sowetan and Daily Dispatch, 5 January 1990; City Press, 28 January and 25 March 1990; and Die Suid-Afrikaan (Cape Town), 04 1990.Google Scholar

98 Cross Times (Cape Town), 10–11 1989. A Russian theologian, Vladimir Tikhomirov, rightly points out that Christianity's postulate of the equality of people before God has become central to the black majority's struggle for their rights; The New Nation, 10–16 November 1989.Google Scholar

99 Financial Mail (Johannesburg), 22 September 1989;Google ScholarSunday Tribune, 10 September 1989; and Die Suid-Afrikaan, December 1989, pp. 16–17.

100 The Weekend Argus, 16 September 1989.

101 The Pretoria News, 15 September 1989; The Citizen, 16 September 1989; Sunday Tribune, 22 October 1989; Tempo (Pinetown), 27 10 to 2 11 1989; and Die Suid-Afrikaan, December 1989, p. 22.Google Scholar

102 Die Volksblad, 26 October 1989.

103 The Cape Times, 12 September 1989; Diamond Fields Advertiser, 14 September 1989; Die Burger and The Weekend Argus, 16 September 1989; and Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 17 09 1989.Google Scholar

104 The Star, 14 September 1989; The Weekend Argus, 16 September 1989; Rapport, 17 September 1989; and Die Suid-Afrikaan, December 1989, p. 19.

105 Eastern Province Herald, 16 September 1989; Sunday Tribune, 22 October 1989; Die Transvaler and The Argus, 1 November 1989.

106 Cf. The Daily News, 19 September 1989, and The Argus, 21 September 1989.

107 Rapport, 17 September 1989; Sunday Tribune, 22 October 1989; The Argus, 1 November 1989; The Citizen, 2 November 1989; and Die Suid-Afrikaan, December 1989, pp. 16 and 19.

108 Die Suid-Afrikaan, December 1989, p. 20.

109 Eastern Province Herald, 16 September 1989; Financial Mail, 22 September 1989; and Beeld, 28 February 1990.

110 The Pretoria News, 15 September 1989; Eastern Province Herald and Die Burger, 16 September 1989; Rapport, 17 September 1989; and Die Suid-Afrikaan, December 1989, p. 23.

111 Beeld, 29 September 1989.

112 The Citizen, 22 September 1989.

113 The Argus, 24 January 1990; The Citizen, 3 February 1990; and Die Burger, 12 February 1990.

114 The Citizen, 30 September 1989; and Die Burger, 20 October 1989 and 10 March 1990.

115 The Argus, 22 January 1989; Die Burger, 23 September 1989; and The Pretoria News, 25 September 1989.

116 Business Day, 23 January 1990; The Pretoria News and Evening Post, 24 January 1990; The Argus, 25 January 1990; The Daily News, 26 January 1990; The Natal Mercury, 29 January 1990; Business Day, 29 January and 1 February 1990; and Daily Dispatch, 31 January 1990.

117 Die Volksblad, 26 October 1989; Die Suid-Afrikaan, December 1989, p. 19; The Cape Times, 24 January 1990; and Business Day, 1 February 1990.

118 Die Burger, 12 February 1990, and The Cape Times, 12 March 1990.

119 The Star, 14 September 1989; The Citizen, 16 September 1989; The Argus, 22 September 1989; and Business Day, 23 January 1990.

120 Beeld and The Pretoria News, 23 September 1989.

121 Die Volksblad, 24 October 1989.

122 Cf. Die Burger, 26 January 1990.

123 Lewin, op. cit. p. 165.

124 The Pretoria News, 9 October 1989 and 24 January 1990, and Die Volksblad, 24 October 1989.

125 The Sunday Star, 17 September 1989; Die Burger, 27 January 1990; and The Natal Mercury, 29 January 1990.

126 The Argus, 30 January 1990; The Cape Times, 31 January and 1 February 1990; and Die Burger, 14 February 1990.

127 The Citizen, 2 November 1989; Evening Post, 24 January 1990; The Natal Witness, 25 January 1990; and Business Day, 1 February 1990.

128 The Star, 26 September 1989, and The Cape Times, 14 February 1990.

129 The Argus and Die Transvaler, 14 February 1990.

130 The Cape Times, 14 and 30 March 1990.

131 The Star, 14 and 26 September and 31 October 1989; Die Patriot, 22 September and 17 November 1989; and Tempo, 10–16 November 1989.

132 The Citizen, 26 October 1989.

133 Tempo, 10–16 November 1989.

134 The Star, 31 October 1989.

135 Die Burger, 1 February 1990.

136 Eastern Province Herald, 16 October 1989; The Star, 30 October 1989; and Beeld, 2 November 1989.

137 Business Day, 16 February 1990.

138 The Citizen, 28 May 1990, and Die Patriot, 1 June 1990.

139 The Pretoria News, 26 May 1990.

140 S.A. Observer (Pretoria), 10 1989.Google Scholar

141 The Sowetan, 16 October 1989.

142 Sunday Times, 12 November 1989; Beeld, 13 November 1989; The Sunday Star, 7 January 1990; Die Patriot, 9 March 1990; and The Citizen, 10 March 1990.

143 Die Burger, 29 Jaunray 1990; City Press, 11 February 1990; Rapport, 11 February and 17 June 1990; The Sunday Star, 11 February and 17 June 1990; Die Transvaler, 15 March 1990; and The Citizen, 18 June 1990.

144 Weekend Argus, 16 September 1989; The Sunday Star, 17 September 1989; The Natal Mercury, 23 September 1989; and Die Volksblad, 26 October 1989.

145 Financial Mail, 22 September 1989.

146 The Argus, 28 and 29 August 1989; Weekend Post, 23 September 1989; The Star, 1 and 4 September 1989; Diamond Fields Advertiser, 28 September 1989; and Die Transvaler, 19 September, 30 October, and 6 November 1989.

147 Die Burger, 4 November 1989, and The Nationalist, November 1989 and March 1990.

148 The Natal Witness, 28 September 1989, and Weekly Mail, 15–21 September 1989.

149 The New Nation, 22–28 September–5 October, and 6–12 October 1989.

150 Financial Mail, 15 September 1989, and The Daily News, 19 September 1989.

151 Die Patriot, 29 September 1989.

152 The New Nation, 22–28 September and 29 September to 5 October 1989, and The Cape Times, 9 October 1989.

153 City Press, 8 October 1989.

154 The Star, 21 October 1989.

155 The Star, 23 September 1989; The Daily News, 26 September 1989; Weekend Post, 21 October 1989; and Rapport, 12 November 1989.

156 Rapport, 12 November 1989, and The Aida Parker Newsletter, February 1990.

157 The Natal Witness, 15 September 1989; The Cape Times, 19 September 1989; Rapport, September 1989; Natal Mercury, 25 September 1989; City Press, 8 October 1989; and Transvaler, 17 October 1989.

158 The Natal Mercury, 29 January 1990, and Eastern Province Herald, 30 March 1990.

159 Rapport, 1 April 1990.

160 Die Burger, 14 September 1989.

161 The New Nation, 6–12 October 1989.