^{page 173 note 1} Andreski, Stanislav, ‘Kleptocracy as a System of Government in Africa’, in Heidenheimer, A. J. (ed.), Political Corruption: readings in comparative analysis (New York, 1970), p. 346,Google Scholar and M. McMullan, ‘Corruption in the Public Services of British Colonies and Ex-Colonies in West Africa’, in ibid. p. 319.

^{page 173 note 2} Lenski, G. E., Power and Privilege: a theory of social stratification (New York, 1966).Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 3} See, for instance, Andrcski, Stanislav, The African Predicament: a study in the pathology of moderniatzon (New York, 1968)Google Scholar; Huntington, S. P., Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven and London, 1968)Google Scholar; Weiner, Myron, The Politics of Scarcity (Chicago, 1962)Google Scholar; Nye, J. S., ‘Corruption and Political Development: a cost-benefit analysis’, in The American Political Science Review (Menasha), 61, 1967, pp. 417–27Google Scholar; Leff, N. H., ‘Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption’, in American Behavioral Scientist (Beverly Hills), 8, 3, 1965, pp. 8–14Google Scholar; D. H. Bayley, ‘The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation’, in Heidenheimer (ed), op. cit. pp. 465–95; and S. P. Huntington, ‘Modernisation and Corruption’, in ibid. pp. 492–500.

^{page 174 note 1} See, for instance, J. van Klaveren, ‘The Concept of Corruption’, in Heidenheimer (ed), op. cit. pp. 38–40; Ronald Wraith and E. Simpkins, ‘Nepotism and Bribery in West Africa’, in ibid. pp. 331–40; and Cohn Leys, ‘New States and the Concept of Corruption’, in ibid. pp. 341–5.

^{page 174 note 2} Andreski, op. Cit.

^{page 175 note 1} See E. C. Banfield, ‘The Moral Basis of Backward Society’, in Heidenheimer (ed.), op. cit. pp. 129–37.

^{page 177 note 1} Among other explanations for the popularity of corruption are: the absence of an established upper class, the absence of a sense of national identity, the only partially successful socialisation of western values, and the existence of a climate of corruption.

^{page 177 note 2} Leibenstein, H., ‘Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumers Demand’, quoted in Langholz-Lemore, V., Hidden Myth Structure and Symbolism in Advertising (New York, 1975), p. 122.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 1} J. van Kiaveren, loc. cit.

^{page 178 note 2} Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Crime and the Quality of Life in Nigeria (Lagos, 1980), p. 14.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 179 note 1} Ibid. p. 19.

^{page 179 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 180 note 1} Sources: International Financial Statistics Yearbook (I.M.F., Washington, 1980),Google Scholar and Crime and the Quality of Life in Nigeria.

^{page 182 note 1} Cramer's statistic is defined as where N is the sample size, and K (in a K × K table) is the number of rows or columns.

^{page 182 note 2} Mitchell, Margaret, Gone With the Wind (London, 1936). p. 758.Google Scholar