^{Page 442 note 1} This estimate, used by Mali Government statisticians, does not take into account the effects of the 1972–3 drought, which will not be fully assessed for some time.

^{Page 442 note 2} Service de la statistique générale, de la comptabilité nationale et de la mécanographie, Comptes économiques du Mali, 1970 (Bamako, 1972).Google Scholar

^{Page 442 note 3} See the evidence summarised by May, Jacques Meyer, The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French-Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar (New York, 1968), PP. 299–310.Google Scholar

^{Page 443 note 1} Latham, Michael, Human Nutrition in Tropical Africa (Rome, F.A.O., 1965), pp. 173–4.Google Scholar

^{Page 443 note 2} Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter, Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa (Oxford, 1964), p. 260.Google Scholar

^{Page 443 note 3} Amin, Samir, Trois expériences africaines de développement: le Mali, la Guinée et le Ghana (Paris, 1965), p. 56.Google Scholar

^{Page 444 note 1} Meillassoux, Claude, ‘A Class Analysis of the Bureaucratic Process in Mali’, in The Journal of Development Studies (London), 6, 01 1970, pp. 97–110.Google Scholar

^{Page 444 note 2} Hodgkin, Thomas and Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter, ‘Mali’, in Coleman, James S. and Rosberg, Carl G. Jr. (eds.), Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966), p. 223.Google Scholar

^{Page 444 note 3} Ibid. p. 245.

^{Page 444 note 4} Grundy, Kenneth W., ‘Mali: the prospects of “Planned Socialism”’, in Friedland, William H. and Rosberg, Carl G. Jr. (eds.), African Socialism (Stanford, 1964), p. 179.Google Scholar

^{Page 445 note 1} Ibid. pp. 181–90.

^{Page 445 note 2} Amin, op. cit. pp. 46 and 48.

^{Page 445 note 3} Ibid. p. 97.

^{Page 445 note 4} Morgenthau, op. cit. p. 259.

^{Page 445 note 5} Hance, William A., Population, Migration, and Urbanization in Africa (New York, 1970), p. 240.Google Scholar

^{Page 446 note 1} Amin, op. cit. pp. 127–9; and Bebler, Anton, Military Rule in Africa (New York, 1973), pp. 83–4 and 127.Google Scholar

^{Page 446 note 2} Cf. Engberg, Holger L., ‘The Operations Account System in French-Speaking Africa’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), XV, 4, 12 1973, pp. 537–45.Google Scholar

^{Page 446 note 3} Bebler, op. cit. pp. 83–9.

^{Page 446 note 4} Ibid. pp. 92–3.

^{Page 447 note 1} Ibid. pp. 97–9.

^{Page 447 note 2} Service de la statistique générale, de la comptabilité nationale et de la mécanographie, Bulletin mensuel de statislique (Bamako), 03 1972.Google Scholar

^{Page 447 note 3} Bebler, op. cit. pp. 99–100.

^{Page 449 note 1} Source: Stryker, op. cit. p. 8.

^{Page 450 note 1} Source: Société d'études pour le développement économique et social, Approvisionnement en viandes de l'Afrique de l'ouest (Paris, 1973), pt. I, p. 297.Google Scholar

^{Page 450 note 2} An exception has been the significant contribution to animal health, especially vaccination against rinderpest during the late 1960s. Nevertheless, the Malian livestock service has suffered a decline in its operating budget in recent years, and taxes on this sector contribute substantially more to public revenue than is received in turn as government expenditures. One result of this failure to maintain a higher level of health service, especially for new calves, has been the reappearance of rinderpest as an increasing threat to animal health.

^{Page 450 note 3} Stryker, op. cit. p. 7.

^{Page 451 note 1} Source: Stryker, op. cit. p. 19.

^{Page 452 note 1} Ibid. p. 21.

^{Page 455 note 1} See Pearson, Scott R., Cownie, John et al. Commodity Exports and African Economic Development (Lexington, 1974),Google Scholar for case studies of this type of development in Africa.

^{Page 455 note 2} By comparison, payments to the Government of the Ivory Coast in the coffee and cocoa sector during the 1960s averaged about one-quarter of the value of those exports. See J. Dirck Stryker, ‘Exports and Growth in the Ivory Coast: timber, cocoa, and coffee’ ibid. pp. 11–66.

^{Page 456 note 1} See Stryker, , ‘Livestock Production and Distribution in the Malian Economy’, pp. 42–4,Google Scholar for a more detailed analysis of the incidence of the Government's export tax.