¹ The qualification is necessary because most ‘liberal’ scholarship is not liberal in the typical sense of the term. It maintains that South Africa is composed of groups not individuals, and that political institutions must take account of the illiberal nature of the society. On the other hand, some scholarship, mostly from economists, does adopt a classically liberal, capitalist position, and it is this that is often supported by business leaders and targeted by Marxist critics.Google Scholar

² African National Congress, ‘Report of the Office of the Treasurer General of the ANC’, Durban, July 1991.Google Scholar

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⁵ Greenberg, Stanley B., Race and State in Capitalist Development: South Africa in comparative perspective (Johannesburg and New Haven, 1980), pp. 148–208.Google Scholar See also, Hyslop, Jonathon, ‘A Prussian Path to Apartheid? Germany as a Comparative Perspective in Critical Analysis of South African Society’, in South African Sociological Review (Bellville), 3, 1, 1990, pp. 33–55.Google Scholar

⁶ Bundy, Colin, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1976), pp. 110–16.Google Scholar

⁷ Morris, Mike, ‘The Development of Capitalism in Southern African Agriculture’, in Economy and Society (London), 5, 3, 1976, p. 306,CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Keegan, Tim, Rural Transformations in Industrialising South Africa (Basingstoke and London, 1987), pp. 166–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ See Legassick, Martin, ‘South Africa: capital accumulation and violence’, in Economy and Society, 3, 3, 08 1974, pp. 253–91;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Harold Wolpe, ‘Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power in South Africa: from segregation to apartheid’, in ibid. 1, 4, September 1972, pp. 425–56, and ‘The Theory of Internal Colonialism: the South African case’, in Oxaal, Ivar, Barnett, Tony, and Booth, David (eds.), Beyond the Sociology of Development: economy and society in Latin America and Africa (London and Boston, 1975), pp. 229–52;Google ScholarDavies, Robert, Capital, State and White Labour in South Africa (London, 1979);Google Scholar and Bozzoli, Belinda, The Political Nature of a Ruling Class: capital and ideology in South Africa, 1890–1933 (London, Boston, and Henley, 1981).Google Scholar

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¹⁰ For example, Guy, Jeff, The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: the civil war in Zululand, 1879–1884 (London, 1979),Google Scholar and Marks, Shula, The Ambiguities of Dependence in South Africa (Baltimore, 1986).Google Scholar

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¹³ Posel, Deborah, ‘Rethinking the Race-Class Debate in South African Historiography’, in Social Dynamics (Cape Town), 9, 1, 1983, pp. 51–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ Wolpe, ‘The Theory of Internal Colonialism’, pp. 228–52, especially 248–50.

¹⁵ See No Sizwe (Neville Alexander), One Azania, One Nation: the national question in South Africa (London, 1979),Google Scholar and Alexander, Neville, Sow the Wind: contemporary speeches (Johannesburg, 1985).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Ibid. and Nolutshungu, Sam C., Changing South Africa: political considerations (Manchester, 1982).Google Scholar

¹⁷ For a fairly recent modification of this thesis, see Wolpe, Harold, Race, Class and the Apartheid State (London, 1989), pp. 10–35, especially his discussion of the indeterminacy of economic and political power.Google Scholar

¹⁸ For example, Davies, Robert, Kaplan, David, Morris, Mike, and O'Meara, Dan, ‘Class Struggle and the Periodisantion of the State in South Africa’, in Review of African Political Economy (London), 7, 09–12 1976, pp. 4–30;CrossRefGoogle ScholarO'Meara, Dan, Volkskapitalisme: class, capital and ideology in the development of Afrikaner nationalism (Cambridge, 1983); and Davies, op. cit.Google Scholar

¹⁹ For example, Greenberg, Stanley B., Legitimating the Illegitimate: state, markets, and resistance in South Africa (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1987);Google ScholarDubow, Saul, Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid in South Africa, 1919–36 (Basingstoke and London, 1989);CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Posel, Deborah, The Making of Apartheid, 1948–1961: conflict and compromise (Oxford, 1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁰ O'Meara, op. cit. 183–247.

²¹ Empirical research is obviously needed in this extremely sensitive area, given the current lack of relevant facts and figures. But the statement is strongly supported by anecdotal evidence, and in any case it would have been out of character for the National Party not to use the state actively to develop an Afrikaner bourgeoisie, given its commitment to both capitalism and the ethnic interests of its members and supporters. Other scholars have made much the same point, notably Charney, Craig, ‘The National Party, 1982–1985: a class alliance in crisis’, in James, Wilmot (ed.), The State of Apartheid (Boulder, 1987), pp. 5–36,Google Scholar and Innes, Duncan, ‘Monopoly Capitalism in South Africa’, in South African Review Service (ed.), South African Review I (Johannesburg, 1983), pp. 171–83.Google Scholar

²² Bundy, op. cit. pp. 210–13.

²³ Nolutshungu, op. cit. pp. 116–45.

²⁴ Cf. James, Wilmot G., Our Precious Metal: African labour in South Africa's gold industry, 1970–1990 (Cape Town, London, and Bloomington, 1992).Google Scholar

²⁵ de Klerk, F.W., ‘A Hand on the Tiller for a Long Time’, in Financial Times (London), 7 05 1991.Google Scholar

²⁶ Note, for example, de Klerk's comments in loc. cit.: ‘If affirmative action is to mean retribution, restoration, taking away from those who have, dishing it out, I'm absolutely against it’.Google Scholar

²⁷ See ‘One Firm Hand on the Tiller: F. W. de Klerk outlines his objectives in South Africa's negotiations for a new constitution’, and ‘De Klerk Resists Rule of Black Majority in South Africa’, in Financial Times, 26 May 1993.Google Scholar

²⁸ See, for example, the op-ed page of the Wall Street Journal (New York), 19 February 1993.

²⁹ Wolpe, Harold, ‘National and Class Struggle in South Africa’, in Nzongola-Ntalaja, et al., Africa's Crisis (London, 1987), p. 68.Google Scholar

³⁰ See Ottaway, Marina, ‘Liberation Movements and Transition to Democracy: the case of the A.N.C.’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 29, 1, 03 1991, pp. 61–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and South Africa: the struggle for a new order (Washington, DC, 1993) which also discusses issues raised by a negotiated transition of power.Google Scholar

³¹ Cf. MacDonald, Michael, ‘The Siren's Song: the political logic of power-sharing in South Africa’, in Journal of Southern African Studies (Oxford), 18, 4, 12 1992, pp. 709–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³² See Lijphart, Arend, Democracy in Plural Societies: a comparative exploration (New Haven, 1977), pp. 75–81.Google Scholar

³³ McGrath, Mike, ‘Economic Growth, Income Distribution and Social Change’, in Nattrass, Nicoli and Ardington, Elizabeth (eds.), The Political Economy of South Africa (Cape Town, 1990), pp. 94–8.Google Scholar

³⁴ MacDonald, loc. cit. pp. 723–5.