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^{page 556 note 2} Legum, Colin, ‘Communal Conflict and International Intervention in Africa’, in Legum, et al. , Africa in the 1980s: a continent in crisis (New York, 1979), pp. 23–4.Google Scholar

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^{page 558 note 1} Zartman, I. William, ‘Coming Political Problems in Black Africa’, in Whitaker, Jennifer Seymour (ed.), Africa and the United States: vital interests (New York, 1978), p. 89.Google Scholar

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^{page 560 note 1} Wallerstein, Immanuel, ‘The Three Stages of African Involvement in the World Economy’, in Gutkind, Peter C. W. and Wallerstein, (eds.), The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa (Beverly Hills and London, 1976), p. 48.Google Scholar

^{page 561 note 1} M'buyinga, , op. cit. pp. 79–80.Google Scholar

^{page 561 note 2} See Shaw, Timothy M., ‘Regional Cooperation and Conflict in Africa’, in International Journal (Toronto), 30, 4, Autumn 1975, pp. 671–88,Google Scholar and ‘Towards a Political Economy of Regional Integration and Inequality in Africa’, in Nigerian Journal of International Studies (Ibadan), 2, 2, 10 1978, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar

^{page 561 note 3} Zartman, , loc. cit. p. 95.Google Scholar

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^{page 562 note 1} Zartman, I. William, ‘The Future of Europe and Africa: decolonisation or dependency?’, in M, Timothy M. (ed.), Alternative Futures for Africa (Boulder, Colorado, 1982), p. 261.Google Scholar

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^{page 562 note 3} Ibid. p. 277. Cf. Shaw, Timothy M., ‘EEC-ACP Interactions and Images as Redefinitions of EurAfrica: examplary, exclusive and/or exploitative?’, in Journal of Common Market Studies (Oxford), 18, 2, 12 1979, pp. 135–58.Google Scholar

^{page 563 note 1} Langdon, Steven and Mytelka, Lynn K., ‘Africa in the Changing World Economy’, in Legum et al., op. cit. p. 211.Google Scholar

^{page 563 note 2} Zartman, I. William, ‘Issues of African Diplomacy in the 1980s’, in Orbis, 25, 4, Winter 1982, p. 1028.Google Scholar

^{page 563 note 3} Gavshon, , op. cit. p. 43.Google ScholarCf. Chaliand, Gérard, The Struggle for Africa: conflict of the great powers (London, 1982).Google Scholar

^{page 564 note 1} On decolonisation as a reflection of American hegemony, rather than African nationalism, see Sekgoma, Gilbert A., ‘Decolonisation: towards a global perspective, 1940–1978’, in M, Timothy M. and 'Sola, Ojo (eds.), Africa and the International Political System (Washington, D.C., 1982), pp. 41–67.Google Scholar

^{page 564 note 2} See Shaw, Timothy M., ‘International Organisations and the Politics of Southern Africa: towards regional integration or liberation?’, in Journal of Southern African Studies (London), 3, 1, 1976, pp. 1–19,Google Scholar and, with Mugomba, Agrippah T., ‘The Political Economy of Regional Detente: Zambia and Southern Africa’, in Journal of African Studies (Washington, D.C.), 4, 4, Winter 1977–1978, pp. 392–413.Google Scholar

^{page 565 note 1} For a useful typology of such alternative but not always exclusive positions, see Helen, Kitchen (ed.), ‘Options for US Policy Toward Africa’, in AEI Foreign Policy and Defense Review (Washington, D.C.), I, 1, 1979, passim.Google Scholar See also her ‘Six Misconceptions of Africa’, in Washington Quarterly, 5, 4, Autumn 1982, pp. 167–74.Google Scholar

^{page 566 note 1} See Ottaway, David, ‘Africa: US policy eclipse’, in Foreign Affairs (New York), 58, 3, 1979, pp. 637–58.Google ScholarCf. Gann, L. H. and Duignan, Peter, Africa South of the Sahara: the challenge to western security (Stanford, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 566 note 2} Thompson, W. Scott, ‘US Policy Toward Africa: at America's service?’, in Orbis, 25, 4, Winter 1982, p. 1015.Google Scholar

^{page 566 note 3} Ibid. pp. 1022–2, my emphasis.

^{page 566 note 4} Zartman, , ‘Coming Political Problems in Black Africa’, pp. 89–90.Google Scholar

^{page 567 note 1} Whitaker, Jennifer Seymour, ‘United States Policy Toward Africa’, in Whitaker (ed.), op. cit. p. 242.Google ScholarCf. Ohaegbulam, Festus U., ‘Africa and Superpower Rivalry: prospects for the future and possible remedies’, in Journal of African Studies, 8, 4, Winter 1981–1982, pp. 163–75.Google Scholar

^{page 568 note 1} On pre-revolutionary connections between Tsarist Russia and Africa, especially with the Ethiopian Empire, see Wilson, Edward T., Russia and Black Africa Before World War II (New York, 1974).Google ScholarCf. Deepak, Nayyar (ed.), Economic Relations Between Socialist Countries and the Third World (London, 1982).Google Scholar

^{page 568 note 2} See, for instance, Mai, Palmberg (ed.), Problems of Socialist Orientation in Africa (Stockholm, 1978).Google Scholar Cf. the more ‘official’ line in Starushenko, Gleb, Africa Makes a Choice: the development of socialist-oriented states (Moscow, 1975).Google Scholar

^{page 569 note 1} Legvold, Robert, ‘The Soviet Union's Strategic Stake in Africa’, in Whitaker (ed.), op. cit. p. 163.Google Scholar

^{page 569 note 2} Ibid. p. 165. Cf. the ‘cold war’ orientation of Peter Janke, ‘Marxist Statecraft in Africa: what future?’, in Conflict Studies (London), 95, 05 1978,Google Scholar and David Rees, ‘Soviet Strategic Penetration of Africa’, in Ibid. 77, November 1976.

^{page 570 note 1} Gavshon, , op. cit. p. 21.Google ScholarCf. Hahn, Walter, Soviet Shadow over Africa (Miami, 1976).Google Scholar

^{page 571 note 1} Copson, Raymond W., ‘African Flashpoints: prospects for armed international conflict’, in Orbis, 25, 4, Winter 1982, pp. 903–4.Google Scholar

^{page 571 note 2} Legum, , ‘Communal Conflict and International Intervention in Africa’, p. 65.Google Scholar

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^{page 572 note 1} Ibid. p. 49.

^{page 572 note 2} See Shaw, Timothy M., ‘The Actors in African International Politics’, in Shaw, and A, Kenneth A. (eds.), The Politics of Africa: dependence and development (London, 1979), pp. 357–96.Google Scholar

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^{page 573 note 1} Legum, , ‘Communal Conflict and International Intervention in Africa’, p. 55.Google Scholar

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^{page 574 note 1} Bienen, Henry S., ‘Military Rule and Military Order in Africa’, in Orbis, 25, 4, Winter 1982, pp. 964–5.Google Scholar

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^{page 576 note 1} See O. A. U., Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa, 1980–2000 (Geneva, D. C., 1981), and World Bank, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: an agenda for action (Washington, D.C., 1981).Google Scholar

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^{page 577 note 1} Zartman, , ‘Coming Political Problems in Black Africa’, p. 113. For more on the comparison between ‘eventful’ and ‘uneventful’ scenarios in Southern Africa, see his ‘Social and Political Trends in Africa in the 1980s’, pp. 109–19.Google Scholar

^{page 577 note 2} See Bowman, Larry W., ‘The Strategic Importance of South Africa to the United States’, in African Affairs (London), 81, 323, 04 1982, pp. 159–91.Google ScholarCf. Gann, L. H. and Duignan, Peter, South Africa: war, revolution or peace? (Stanford, 1978).Google Scholar

^{page 578 note 1} Kemp, Geoffrey, ‘US Strategic Interests and Military Options in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Whitaker (ed.), op. cit. p. 150.Google Scholar

^{page 578 note 2} Radu, , loc. cit. p. 987.Google Scholar

^{page 579 note 2} Ibid. p. 991. For a more balanced, albeit non-radical, interpretation, see Young, Crawford, Ideology and Development in Africa (New Haven, 1982).Google Scholar

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^{page 580 note 3} Ibid. p. 1041.

^{page 580 note 1} On the case of Zambia, for example, see Parpart, Jane L. and Shaw, Timothy M., ‘Cycles, Contradictions and Coalitions: class fractions in Zambia, 1964–1984’, in L, Irving L. (ed.), Studies in Power and Class in Africa, forthcoming.Google Scholar

^{page 580 note 2} See Shaw, Timothy M., ‘Beyond Underdevelopment: the anarchic state in Africa’, African Studies Association, Washington, D.C., November 1982.Google Scholar

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^{page 580 note 4} M'buyinga, , op. cit. p. 125.Google Scholar

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^{page 581 note 2} See Ake, Claude, A Political Economy of Africa (London, 1981), pp. 176–89.Google Scholar

^{page 581 note 3} See Shaw, Timothy M. and Munton, Don, ‘Africa's Futures: a comparison of forecasts’, in Shaw, (ed.), Alternative Futures for Africa, pp. 37–92,Google Scholar and Timothy M. Shaw and Paul Goulding, ‘Alternative Scenarios for Africa’, in Ibid. pp. 93–130.

^{page 582 note 2} See Shaw, Timothy M., Towards an International Political Economy for the 1980s: from dependence to (inter)dependence (Halifax, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 583 note 1} On the general question of such ‘complexes’ in the Third World, including the cases of Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa, see A, Edward A. and E, Robert E. (ed.), Security Policies of Developing Countries (Lexington, 1982), pp. 179–202 and 285–327.Google Scholar

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^{page 586 note 2} Ibid. p. 7.

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