Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T10:07:33.317Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The figure of the abducted Acholi girl: nation-building, gender, and children born into the LRA in Uganda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2021

Beth W. Stewart*
Affiliation:
Canada and Kwantlen Polytechnic University, 12666 72 Avenue, SurreyBCV3W2M8, Canada

Abstract

Based on analysis of newspapers and secondary sources, this article examines the gendered construction of the national imagery of the war between the Ugandan government and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in an effort to expand current conceptual understanding of the exclusion experienced by children born of forced marriage inside the LRA. Uganda developed as a militarised and masculine post-colony and yet nation-building for President Museveni involved crafting a national imagery that drew upon development discourses of gender and children to position himself as the benevolent father of the nation. Invoking Veena Das’ ‘figure of the abducted woman’, I argue that the Ugandan government mobilised the figure of the abducted Acholi girl to legitimise both its governance and the war. The article concludes that the resulting narrative provided no legitimate social or political space in the national imagery for the children of the abducted girls.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This work was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, a doctoral award from the International Development Research Centre, and fieldwork and publication grants from the Liu Institute for Global Issues. Thanks also to the Justice and Reconciliation Project, Aloyo Proscovia, Erin Baines, and Evelyn Amony, among countless others.

References

REFERENCES

Allen, T. & Vlassenroot, K.. 2010. The Lord's Resistance Army: myth and reality. London: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amone, C. 2014. ‘Reasons for the British choice of the Acholi as the martial race of Uganda, 1862 to 1962’, Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, 2: 72–7.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. 1994. Roots of Ethnicity. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. 2009. From Uganda to the Congo and Beyond: pursuing the Lord's Resistance Army. New York, NY: International Peace Institute.Google Scholar
Baines, E. 2011. ‘Gender, responsibility, and the grey zone: considerations for transitional justice’, Journal of Human Rights 10, 4: 477–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baines, E. 2014. ‘Forced marriage as a political project: sexual rules and relations in the Lord's Resistance Army’, Journal of Peace Research 51, 3: 405–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behrend, H. 1999. ‘Power to heal, power to kill: spirit possession and war in northern Uganda (1986–1994)’, in Behrend, H. & Luig, U., eds. Spirit Possession, Modernity and Power in Africa. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2033.Google Scholar
Branch, A. 2010. ‘Exploring the roots of LRA violence: political crisis and ethnic politics in Acholiland’, in Allen, T. & Vlassenroot, K., eds. The Lord's Resistance Army: myth and reality. London: Zed Books, 2544.Google Scholar
Branch, A. 2014. ‘The violence of peace: ethnojustice in northern Uganda’, Development and Change 45, 3: 608–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, C. 2007. Born of War: protecting children of sexual violence survivors in conflict zones. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar
Cheney, K. 2003. ‘'Did the constitution produce my children!?' Negotiating Ugandan childhood and nationhood through performance’, African Identities 1, 1: 7994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, K. 2007. Pillars of the Nation: child citizens and Ugandan national development. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockburn, C. 2010. ‘Gender relations as causal in militarization and war’, International Feminist Journal of Politics 2, 12: 139–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, R. 2005. Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Das, V. 1996. ‘Language and body: transactions in the construction of pain’, Daedalus 125, 1: 6791.Google Scholar
Das, V. 2007. Life and Words: violence and the descent into the ordinary. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dolan, C. 2002. ‘Which children count? The politics of children's rights in northern Uganda’, Accord 11: 6871.Google Scholar
Dolan, C. 2005. ‘Understanding war and its continuation: the case of northern Uganda.’ Doctoral thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Dolan, C. 2009. Social Torture: the case of northern Uganda, 1986–2006. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Enloe, C. 1995. ‘Feminism, nationalism and militarism: wariness without paralysis?’ In Sutton, C., ed. Feminism, Nationalism and Militarism. Flushing, NY: Association for Feminist Anthropology, 13–32.Google Scholar
Enloe, C. 2014. Bananas, Beaches and Bases. Second edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanon, F. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Finnström, S. 2008. Living with Bad Surroundings. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 1997. The Scars of Death: children abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda. New York, NY: HRW.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 1999. Hostile to Democracy: the movement system and political repression in Uganda. New York, NY: HRW.Google Scholar
Justice and Reconciliation Project. 2013. ‘The Beasts at Burcoro: recounting the atrocities by the NRA's 22nd Batallion in Burcoro Village in April 1991’, JRP Field Note 17: 131.Google Scholar
Kasozi, A. 1994. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985. Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, S. 2017. Children Born of War in the Twentieth Century. Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, M. 1983. Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda. Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books.Google Scholar
Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mayer, T. 2012. Gender Ironies of Nationalism: sexing the nation. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mbembe, A. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
McClintock, A. 1995. Imperial Leather: race, gender, and sexuality in the imperial contest. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mookherjee, N. 2015. The Spectral Wound: sexual violence, public memories, and the Bangladesh war of 1971. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Moran, M.H. 2012. ‘Contested representations of gender, modernity and nationalism in pre-war Liberia’, in Mayer, T., ed. Gender Ironies of Nationalism: sexing the nation. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mostov, J. 2012. ‘Politics of national identity in the former Yugoslavia’, in Mayer, T., ed. Gender Ironies of Nationalism: sexing the nation. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mugaju, J. 1999. Uganda's Age of Reforms. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, R. 1985. Uganda, an Historical Accident? Class, nation, state formation. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Museveni, Y. 1997. Sowing the Mustard Seed: the struggle for freedom and democracy in Uganda. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Myrttinen, H., Khattab, L. & Naujoks, J.. 2017. ‘Re-thinking hegemonic masculinities in conflict-affected contexts’, Critical Military Studies 3, 2: 103–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, J. 1998. ‘Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 21, 2: 242–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochola, R. 2006. ‘The Acholi religious leaders’ peace initiative in the battlefield of northern Uganda: an example of an integral, inculturated and ecumenical approach to pastoral work in a war situation.’ Master's thesis, University of Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Ojok, B. 2020. ‘An Examination of Schooling Attitudes and Responses to Children Born of War Following their (Re-)integration into the Post-conflict Settings of Northern Uganda.’ Doctoral thesis, University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Okuku, J.A. 2002. Ethnicity, state power and the democratisation process in Uganda’, Institute for Global Dialogue Occasional Paper 33.Google Scholar
p'Bitek, O. 1986. Artist, the Ruler: essays on art, culture and values. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.Google Scholar
p'Bitek, O. 1967. ‘Indigenous ills’, Transition 32: 47.Google Scholar
Pham, P.N., Vinck, P. & Stover, E.. 2009. ‘Returning home: forced conscription, reintegration, and mental health status of former abductees of the Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda’, BMC Psychiatry 9, 23: 114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, H. 2019. ‘Moral spaces and sexual transgression: understanding rape in war and post conflict’, Development and Change 5, 3: 1009–32.Google Scholar
Porter, H. 2016. After Rape: violence, justice, and social harmony in Uganda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ratele, K. 2012. ‘Violence, militarised masculinity and positive peace’, Gender, Peace and Security Occasional Paper 6.Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N. & Bourgois, P., eds. 2004. ‘Introduction: making sense of violence’, in Violence in War and Peace: an anthology. Oxford: Blackwell, 127.Google Scholar
Schippers, M. 2007. ‘Recovering the feminine other: masculinity, femininity, and gender hegemony.’ Theory and Society 36, 1: 85102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, P. 2018. ‘Displacement from gendered personhood: sexual violence and masculinities in northern Uganda’, International Affairs 94, 5: 1101–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seto, D. 2015. ‘Children born of wartime sexual violence and the limits of existence’, Peacebuilding 3, 2: 171–85.Google Scholar
Stewart, B. 2015. ‘We are All the Same’: experiences of children born into LRA captivity. Gulu: Justice and Reconciliation Project.Google Scholar
Stewart, B. 2017. ‘'I feel out of place': children born into the Lord's Resistance Army and the politics of belonging.’ Doctoral thesis, University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Tapscott, R. 2018. ‘Policing men: militarised masculinity, youth livelihoods, and security in conflict-affected northern Uganda’, Disasters 42: S119–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theidon, K. 2007. ‘Gender in transition: common sense, women, and war’, Journal of Human Rights 6: 453–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, C. 1967. ‘Soldier and state in Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies 5, 3: 305–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Women's Advocacy Network (WAN). 2014. Petition by the Women's Advocacy Network to the Parliament of the Republic of Uganda seeking its intervention in addressing issues and challenges faced by war affected women in the Acholi sub region. Gulu: Justice and Reconciliation Project.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1991. World Development Report 1991: the challenge of development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yuval-Davis, N. & Anthias, F.. 1992. Racialized Boundaries: race, nation, gender, colour and class and the anti-racist struggle. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Agence France Presse, Paris; Chimp Reports, Kampala; New Vision, Kampala; The Monitor, Kampala.Google Scholar
Agence France Presse, Paris; Chimp Reports, Kampala; New Vision, Kampala; The Monitor, Kampala.Google Scholar