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^{Page 231 note 1} Ajayi, J F. Ade and Smith, Robert, Yoruba Warfare in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1971 edn.).Google Scholar See also, inter alia, Omer-Cooper, J. D., The Zulu Aftermath: a nineteenth-century revolution in Bantu Africa (Evanston, 1966);Google Scholar and Walter, Eugene Victor, Terror and Resistance: a study of political violence (New York, 1969).Google Scholar

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^{Page 232 note 1} Otterbein, Keith F., ‘Higi Armed Combat’, in Southwestern Journal of Anthropology (Albuquerque), XXIV, 1968, pp. 209–11.Google Scholar

^{Page 232 note 2} Levine, Donald N., Wax and Gold: tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture (Chicago, 1965), pp. 262–3.Google Scholar The triumph at Adowa can lead to questioning of Levine's thesis.

^{Page 233 note 1} Skinner, Elliott P., The Mossi of the Upper Volta: the political development of a Sudanese people (Stanford, 1964), pp. 97–106.Google Scholar

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^{Page 234 note 1} Alison des Forges, personal communication.

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^{Page 235 note 2} A comparison may be made with what has been called the ‘military revolution’ of the ‘new model army’ and the Swedish conscript army in the Thirty Years War. Although the major changes were symbolised by the introduction of uniforms and of marching in step, the consequence was a tactical transformation in which a highly centraiised army, composed of small mobile units, was capable in battle of rapid manoeuvre, attack, and orderly reformation. See Roberts, Michael, The Military Revolution, 1550–1660 (Belfast, 1956),Google Scholar cited by Waizer, Michael, The Revolution of the Saints: a study in the origins of radical politics (New York, 1969), p. 276.Google Scholar

^{Page 236 note 1} Smaldone, Joseph P., ‘Firearms in the Central Sudan: a revaluation’, in The Journal of Afrkan History, XIII, 4, 1972, pp. 591–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 236 note 2} Otterbein, Keith F., The Evolution of War: a cross-culturai study( New Haven, 1970), p. 75.Google Scholar

^{Page 237 note 1} Colenso, Bishop J. W., quoted in Guy, J. J., ‘A Note on Firearms in the Zulu Kingdom with Special Reference to the Anglo-Zulu War, 1879’, in The Journal of African History, XII, 4, 1971, p. 564.Google Scholar

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^{Page 239 note 1} Lang, Kurt, Military Institutions and the Sociology of War (Beverley Hills, 1972), p. 105.Google Scholar

^{Page 239 note 2} Qualitative differences seem to exist between pre-colonial kingdoms that expanded by conquest, and colonial states likewise created by victory in battle, in terms of the incorporation of individuals into new social entities. However, I recognise that my point is debatable, and will require further research.

^{Page 239 note 3} Crowder, , West African Resistance, pp. 8–9.Google Scholar

^{Page 240 note 1} Crowder, Michael, West Africa under Colonial Rule (London, 1968), pp. 260–6;Google Scholar and Buell, Raymond Leslie, The Native Problem in Africa, Vol. II (New York, 1928), pp. 1–22.Google Scholar

^{Page 240 note 2} Hailey, Lord W. M., An African Survey: a study of problems arising in Africa South of the Sahara (London, 1956 revised edn), p. 253.Google Scholar

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^{Page 241 note 2} Gutteridge, op. cit. p. 15.

^{Page 241 note 3} Crocker, Chester A., ‘Military Dependence: the colonial legacy in English-and French speaking Africa’, Conference on Dependence and Development in Africa, Carleton University, Ottawa, 16–1802 1973, p. 64.Google Scholar An abbreviated version of this paper was published in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), XII, 2, 06 1974, pp. 265–86.Google Scholar

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^{Page 244 note 1} van den Berghe, Pierre L., ‘The Military and Political Change in Africa’, in Welch, Claude E. Jr (ed.), Soldier and State in Africa (Evanston, 1970), p. 261.Google Scholar

^{Page 245 note 1} According to the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, military expenditures per member of the armed forces averaged $2,457 in 1968, ranging from highs of $9,368 (South Africa) and $8,000 (Chad and Mauritania) to lows of $9ii (Ethiopia), $750 (Liberia), and $609 (Tunisia). Multiples of 20–30 times the G.N.P. per capita are not uncommon. World Military Expenditures (Washington, 1971), pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

^{Page 246 note 1} Luckharn, Robin, The Nigerian Military: a sociological analysis of authority and revolt, 1960–67 (Cambridge, 1971), p. 173.Google Scholar

^{Page 246 note 2} See, among others, Nordlinger, Eric A., ‘Soldiers in Mufti: the impact of military rule upon economic and social change in the non-western states’, in The American Political Science Review (Menasha), LXIV, 4, 12 1970, pp. 113–48;Google ScholarLofchie, Michael F., ‘The Uganda Coup-Class Action by the Military’, in The Journal of Modem African Studies, x, 1, 05 1972, pp. 19–35;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Mazrui, Ali A., ‘The Lumpen Proletariat and the Lumpen Miitariat: African soldiers as a new political class’, in Political Studies (Oxford), XXI, I, 03 1973, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar

^{Page 246 note 3} Lieuwen, Edwin, Mexican Militarism: the political rise and fall of the revolutionary army, 1910–1940 (Albuquerque, 1968), pp. 148–9.Google Scholar

^{Page 248 note 1} Finer, S. E., The Man on Horseback: the role of the military in Politics (New York, 1962), p. 233.Google Scholar