^{page 648 note 1} American investment is not as large as European. American-owned companies employ less than 100,000 labourers out of a total workforce of 5·5 million. In the manufacturing sector they employ less than 30,000 workers in all. General Motors, which ranks eleventh in terms of the total assets held by foreign companies, ranks only thirty-fourth in terms of the number of employees on its payroll. And although non-white labour constitutes 72 per cent of the total workforce of South Africa, it represents only 38 per cent of those employed by the signatories of the ‘Sullivan Principles’. For a discussion, see United States Corporate Interests in Africa. Report by U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Sub-Committee on African Affairs (Washington, D.C., 1978).Google Scholar

^{page 650 note 1} Galtung, Johan, ‘On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions’, in World Politics (Princeton), 29, 3, 04 1967, p. 371.Google Scholar

^{page 651 note 1} Mathews, A. S., Law, Order and Liberty in South Africa (Cape Town, 1971), p. 299.Google Scholar

^{page 651 note 2} Cited in Arnheim, M. T. W., South Africa after Vorster (Cape Town, 1980), p. 67.Google Scholar

^{page 652 note 1} Davies, David, African Workers and Apartheid (London, 1978), p. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 652 note 2} Kadish, Mortimer, Discretion to Disobey: a study of lawful departures from legal rules (Stanford, 1973), pp. 93–140.Google Scholar

^{page 654 note 1} Smith, Robert, ‘The Dilemma of Foreign Investment in South Africa’, address before the American Society of International Law, 30 April 1971, published in Department of State Bulletin (Washington, D.C.), 64, 1670, 28 06 1971, p. 667.Google Scholar

^{page 655 note 1} Newsom, David, ‘US Government and Business: parties in African development’, address to the African-American Chamber of Commerce, New York, 16 02 1972,Google Scholar published in Department of State Bulletin, 66, 1708, 20 March 1972, p. 444.

^{page 655 note 2} US Business Involvement in Southern Africa, Part 3, Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Sub-Committee on Africa, House of Representatives, 93rd Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D.C., 1973),Google Scholar Appendix 1.

^{page 656 note 1} For a comprehensive discussion, see Rothmyer, Karen and Lowenthal, Ann, The Sullivan Principles: a critical look at the United States corporate role in South Africa (New York, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 656 note 2} The New York Times, 8 October 1977.

^{page 656 note 3} Sullivan, Leon, ‘Amplified Guidelines to South African Statement of Principles’, New York, 6 07 1978.Google Scholar

^{page 656 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 657 note 1} Department of Labour and Mines, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Labour Legislation (Pretoria, 1979), ch. 1, para. 16.Google Scholar

^{page 657 note 2} Cited in Activities of Transnational Corporations in Southern Africa: impact on financial and social structures (New York, 1978), p. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 658 note 1} Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Labour Legislation, ch. 3, para. 35.

^{page 658 note 2} The Times (London), 4 07 1980.Google Scholar

^{page 659 note 1} Statement issued by the Black Allied Workers Union (S.A.), London, 14 June 1979.

^{page 659 note 2} The Financial Times (London), 26 05 1981.Google Scholar

^{page 659 note 3} The New York Times, 28 December 1980.

^{page 661 note 1} Streek, Barry, ‘Black Strategies against Apartheid’, in Africa Report (New York), 25, 4, 07–08 1980, pp. 35–40.Google Scholar

^{page 662 note 1} Gould, William B., Black Workers in White Unions: job discrimination in the United States (Ithaca, 1977), p. 381.Google Scholar

^{page 662 note 2} The Times, 9 May 1974.

^{page 663 note 1} Cited in Toit, D. du, Capital and Labour in South Africa: class struggles in the 1970 (London and Boston, 1981), p. 386.Google Scholar

^{page 663 note 2} Lukes, Steven, ‘Black Politics: the dangers of disunity’, in The New Statesman (London), 2 11 1979.Google Scholar

^{page 663 note 3} Galtung, Johan, ‘On the Meaning of Non-Violence’, in Journal of Peace Research (Oslo), 2, 1965, pp. 305.Google Scholar

^{page 664 note 1} ‘Foreign Investment in South Africa’, statement by the African National Congress, London, 30 11 1977.Google Scholar

^{page 665 note 1} Alastair Sparks originally made this point in the Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 6 08 1978.Google Scholar For a discussion, see Harries-Jones, Peter, Freedom and Labour: mobilisation and political control on the Zambian copperbelt (Oxford, 1975).Google Scholar