Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T17:16:08.409Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Chiefs of Community Policing in Rural Sierra Leone*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2015

Peter Albrecht*
Affiliation:
Danish Institute for International Studies, Østbanegade 117, 2100 København Ø, Denmark

Abstract

This paper argues that when police reform in Sierra Leone was instituted to consolidate a state system after the country's civil war ended in 2002, it reproduced a hybrid order instead that is embodied by Sierra Leone's primary local leaders: paramount and lesser chiefs. In this sense, policing has a distinctly political quality to it because those who enforce order also define what order is and determine access to resources. The hybrid authority of Sierra Leone's chiefs emanates from multiple state-based and localised sources simultaneously and comes into play as policing takes place and police reform moves forward. This argument is substantiated by an ethnographic exploration of how and with what implications community policing has been introduced in Peyima, a small town in Kono District, and focuses on one of its primary institutional expressions, Local Policing Partnership Boards.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Thank you to Anna Leander, Helene Maria Kyed, Bruce Baker, Lisa Denney and Susan Michael for their critical input and to the two anonymous reviewers who made clear and useful comments that helped to sharpen the argument of this paper.

References

REFERENCES

  • Anonymous civil servant, Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 2008, Freetown.

  • Brima Acha Kamara, Inspector-General of Police (Sierra Leone) (2003–2010), SLP, May 2009, Freetown.

  • Elizabeth Turay, Assistant Inspector-General, July 2013, SLP, Freetown.

  • Ibrahim ‘Kalilu’ Kamara, PRO and LPPB member, March 2009, Peyima.

  • Keith Biddle, Inspector-General of Police (Sierra Leone) (1999–2003), numerous interviews, conversations in the UK and France and email exchanges between 2008 and 2015, France and the UK.

  • Kellie Conteh, National Security Coordinator (1999–2012), August 2008, Freetown.

  • Mustapha Kambeh, Chief Superintendent, March 2009, SLP, Motema.

  • Thomas Lahai, Chief Superintendent, July 2013, SLP, Freetown.

Anonymous civil servant, Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 2008, Freetown.

Brima Acha Kamara, Inspector-General of Police (Sierra Leone) (2003–2010), SLP, May 2009, Freetown.

Elizabeth Turay, Assistant Inspector-General, July 2013, SLP, Freetown.

Ibrahim ‘Kalilu’ Kamara, PRO and LPPB member, March 2009, Peyima.

Keith Biddle, Inspector-General of Police (Sierra Leone) (1999–2003), numerous interviews, conversations in the UK and France and email exchanges between 2008 and 2015, France and the UK.

Kellie Conteh, National Security Coordinator (1999–2012), August 2008, Freetown.

Mustapha Kambeh, Chief Superintendent, March 2009, SLP, Motema.

Thomas Lahai, Chief Superintendent, July 2013, SLP, Freetown.

Abraham, A. 1978. Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule. Freetown: Sierra Leone University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, P.M. 1968. ‘The stratigraphy of a geosynclinal succession in Western Sierra Leone, West Africa’, Geological Magazine 105: 6273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, P. 2010. ‘Transforming internal security in Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone police and broader justice sector reform’, DIIS Report 2010:7. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.Google Scholar
Albrecht, P. & Jackson, P.. 2009. Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997–2007. Birmingham and London: Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform and International Alert.Google Scholar
Albrecht, P. & Jackson, P.. 2014. Securing Sierra Leone, 1997–2013: defence, diplomacy and development in action. RUSI Whitehall Paper No. 82. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Albrecht, P. & Moe, L.W.. 2015. ‘The simultaneity of authority in hybrid orders’, Peacebuilding 3, 1: 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, P., Garber, O., Gibson, A. & Thomas, S.. 2014. ‘Community policing in Sierra Leone – Local Policing Partnership Boards’, DIIS Report 2014: 16. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.Google Scholar
Baker, B. 2005. ‘Who do people turn to for policing in Sierra Leone?’, Journal of Contemporary Africa Studies 23, 3: 371–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, B. 2008. ‘Community policing in Freetown, Sierra Leone: foreign import or local solution?’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 2, 1: 2342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boege, V. 2011. ‘Potentials and limits of traditional approaches to peacebuilding’, Berghof Handbook II: Advancing Conflict Transformation. Berghof: Berlin Research Centre, 431–57.Google Scholar
Brogdon, M. & Nijhar, P.. 2005. Community Policing – National and International Models and Approaches. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar
Buur, L. & Kyed, H.M.. 2007. State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: a new dawn for traditional authorities? New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaves, I.N. & Robinson, J.. 2011. ‘The architecture of a fragile state: the case of Sierra Leone’, paper prepared for ICG Growth in Fragile State Workshop, 6–7 July 2011.Google Scholar
Clements, K.P., Boege, V., Brown, A., Foley, W. & Nolan, A.. 2007. ‘State building reconsidered: the role of hybridity in the formation of political order’, Political Science 59, 1: 4556.Google Scholar
Commonwealth Police Development Task Force (CPDTF). 1999. ‘Sierra Leone police – re-introduction of effective operational policing’, unpublished internal paper.Google Scholar
Conteh-Morgan, E. & Dixon-Fyle, M.. 1999. Sierra Leone at the End of the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Denney, L. 2011. ‘Reducing poverty with teargas and batons: the security-development nexus in Sierra Leone’, African Affairs 110, 439: 275–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denney, L. 2013. ‘Liberal chiefs or illiberal development? The challenge of engaging chiefs in DFID's security sector reform programme in Sierra Leone’, Development Policy Review 31, 1: 525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denney, L. 2014. Justice and Security Reform: development agencies and informal institutions in Sierra Leone. Oxford: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Dijk, R. & Van Nieuwaal van Rouveroy, E.A.B.. 1999. ‘Introduction: the domestication of chieftaincy: the imposed and the imagined’, in van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, E.A.B. & van Dijk, R., eds. African Chieftaincy in a New Socio-Political Landscape. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 120.Google Scholar
Ekeh, P.P. 1975. ‘Colonialism and the two publics: a theoretical statement, Comparative Studies in Society and History 17, 1: 91112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englebert, P. 2002. ‘Patterns and theories of traditional resurgence in tropical Africa’, Mondes en développement 30: 118–51.Google Scholar
Fanthorpe, R. 1998. ‘Locating the politics of a Sierra Leonean chiefdom’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 68, 4: 558–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanthorpe, R. 2001. ‘Neither citizen nor subject? ‘Lumpen’ agency and the legacy of native administration in Sierra Leone’, African Affairs 100, 400: 363–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanthorpe, R. 2005. ‘On the limits of liberal peace: chiefs and democratic decentralization in post-war Sierra Leone’, African Affairs 105, 418: 2749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, J. & Gupta, A.. 2002. ‘Spatializing states: towards an ethnography of neoliberal governmentality’, American Ethnologist 29, 4: 9811002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferme, M. C. 2001. The Underneath of Things: violence, history and the everyday in Sierra Leone. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulton, R. M. 1972. ‘The political functions of Poro in Kpelle society’, American Anthropologist 74, 5: 1218–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fyfe, C. 1962. A History of Sierra Leone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Government of Sierra Leone (GOSL). 1991. The Constitution of Sierra Leone. Freetown: Government of Sierra Leone.Google Scholar
GOSL 2004. The Local Government Act. Freetown: Government of Sierra Leone.Google Scholar
GOSL 2009. The Chieftaincy Act. Freetown: Government of Sierra Leone.Google Scholar
Groenewald, H. & Peake, G.. 2004. Police Reform through Community-based Policing: philosophy and guidelines for implementation. New York, NY: The International Peace Academy.Google Scholar
Hardin, K.L. 1993. The Aesthetics of Action: continuity and change in a West African town. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Harper, E. 2011. Customary Justice: from program design to impact evaluation. Rome: International Development Law Organisation (IDLO).Google Scholar
Jackson, P.B. 2005. ‘Chiefs, money and politicians: rebuilding local government in Sierra Leone’, Public Administration and Development 25, 1: 4958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, P.B. 2007. ‘Reshuffling an old deck of cards? the politics of local government reform in Sierra Leone’, African Affairs 106, 422: 95111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, P. & Albrecht, P.. 2011. Reconstructing Security After Conflict: security sector reform in Sierra Leone. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogstad, E.G. 2012. ‘Security, development, and force: revisiting police reform in Sierra Leone’, African Affairs 111, 443: 261–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraushaar, M. & Lambach, D.. 2009. ‘Hybrid political orders: the added value of a new concept. ACPACS Occasional Paper No. 14.Google Scholar
Kyed, H.M. 2007. ‘State recognition of traditional authority – authority, citizenship and state formation in rural post-war Mozambique’. Ph.D. thesis, Roskilde University Centre.Google Scholar
Kyed, H.M. 2009. ‘The politics of legal pluralism: state policies on legal pluralism and their local dynamics in Mozambique’, Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 41, 59: 87120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kyed, H.M. & Buur, L.. 2006. ‘New sites of citizenship: recognition of traditional authority and group-based citizenship in Mozambique’, Journal of Southern African Studies 32, 3: 563–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemay-Hébert, N. & Kühn, F.. 2015. ‘Letter from the Editors: taking the hybridity agenda further’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 9, 1: 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mac Ginty, R. 2010. ‘Hybrid peace: the interaction between top-down and bottom-up peace’, Security Dialogue 41, 4: 391412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mac Ginty, R. 2011. International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance: hybrid forms of peace. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizens and Subject – Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Millar, G. 2014a. ‘Disaggregating hybridity: why hybrid institutions do not produce predictable experiences of peace’, Journal of Peace Research 51, 3: 501–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millar, G. 2014b. An Ethnographic Approach to Peacebuilding: understanding local experiences in transitional states. Oxford: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minikin, V. 1973. ‘Indirect political participation in Two Sierra Leone chiefdoms’, Journal of Modern African Studies 11, 1: 129135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Nieuwaal van Rouveroy, E. A. B. 1996. ‘States and chiefs: are chiefs mere puppets?’, Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 28, 37–38: 3978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ntsebeza, L. 1999. Land Tenure Reform, Traditional Authorities and Rural Local Government in Post-Apartheid South Africa: case studies from the Eastern Cape. Cape Town: School of Government, University of Western Cape.Google Scholar
Oomen, B. 2005. Chiefs in South Africa: law, power and culture in the post-apartheid era. Oxford: James Currey.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, R.T. 1964. Religion in an African Society. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Pratten, D. and Sen, A.. 2010. Global Vigilantes. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Ray, D.I. and van Nieuwaal van Rouveroy, E.A.B.. 1996. ‘The new relevance of traditional authorities in Africa’, paper presented to the conference ‘Major Themes; Reflection on Chieftaincy in Africa; Future Directions’, Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 28, 3738: 138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, P. 1996. Fighting for the Rain Forest: war, youth and resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Richards, P. 2005. ‘War as smoke and mirrors: Sierra Leone 1991–2, 1994–5, 1995–6’, Anthropological Quarterly 78, 22: 377402.Google Scholar
Richards, P. 2006. ‘Forced labour and civil war. Agrarian underpinnings of the Sierra Leone conflict’, in Kaarsholm, P., ed. Political Culture and Development in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 181, 200.Google Scholar
Richmond, O.P. 2011. A Post-Liberal Peace. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sawyer, E. 2008. ‘Remove or reform? A case for (restructuring) chiefdom governance in post-conflict Sierra Leone’, African Affairs 107, 428: 387403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayers, E.F. 1927. ‘Notes on the clan or family names common in the area inhabited by Temne-speaking people’, Sierra Leone Studies 12: 14108.Google Scholar
Sesay, M. 1995. ‘State capacity and the politics of economic reform in Sierra Leone', Journal of Contemporary African Studies 13, 2: 165–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sesay, M.G. and Hughes, C.. 2005. Go Beyond First-aid: democracy assistance and the challenge of institution building in post-conflict Sierra Leone. The Hague: Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations.Google Scholar
Sierra Leone Police (SLP). 2005. Proposed Guidelines and Codes of Conduct for Operations of the Local Policing Partnership Boards of Sierra Leone. Freetown: Sierra Leone Police.Google Scholar
Skalník, P. 2005. ‘Chiefdoms on the March: Towards a New Indirect Rule in Africa’, paper presented to the conference ‘Beside the State: New Forms of Political Power in Post-1990s Africa’, Milan, 15–16 December 2005.Google Scholar
SLP. 2011. The Sierra Leone Police Local Policing Partnership Board Constitution. Freetown: Sierra Leone Police.Google Scholar
SLP. 2014. Handbook: Local Policing Partnership Boards. Freetown: Sierra Leone Police.Google Scholar
Spear, T. 2003. ‘Neo-traditionalism and the limits of invention in British colonial Africa’, Journal of African History 44: 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tangri, R. 1976. ‘Conflict and violence in contemporary Sierra Leone chiefdoms’, Journal of Modern African Studies 14, 2: 311–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tangri, R. 1978. ‘Central-Local Politics in Contemporary Sierra Leone’, African Affairs 77, 307: 165–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ubink, J. & von Rooij, B.. 2011. ‘Towards customary legal empowerment: an introduction’, in Ubink, J. & McInerney, T., eds. Customary Justice: perspectives on legal empowerment. Leiden: University of Leiden, Faculty of Law; Rome: International Development Law Organisation (IDLO), 727.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, F. 1999. ‘The real is relational: an inquiry into Pierre Bourdieu's constructivist epistemology’, Sociological Theory 17, 1: 3267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar