^{page 187 note 1} For sympathetic writings on Afro—Arab solidarity, see the following: Červenka, Zdenek, ‘The Afro–Arab Alliance’, in Africa (London), 31, 03 1974, pp. 76–9,Google Scholar ‘Afro–Arab Relations: exploitation or cooperation?’ in Ibid.. 34, June, pp. 47–8, and ‘The Emergence and Significance of the African—Arab Solidarity’, in Instant Research on Peace and Violence (Tampere Finland), 4, 1974, pp. 102–9;Google ScholarLegum, Colin, ‘Africa, the Arabs and the Middle East’, in Africa Contemporary Record. Annual Survey and Documents, 1973–1974 (London, 1974), pp. A3–14;Google ScholarMazrui, Ali A., ‘Black Africa and the Arabs’, in Foreign Affairs (New York), 53, 07 1975, pp. 725–42;Google ScholarSkinner, Elliott P., ‘African States and Israel: uneasyrelations in world crisis,’ in Journal of African Studies (Washington, D.C.), 2, Spring 1975, pp. 1–23;Google ScholarUwechne, Ralph, ‘Afro—Arab Solidarity’, in Africa, 29, 01 1974, pp. 8–9;Google Scholar and Chibwe, E. C., Afro—Arab Relations in the New World Order (London, 1977).Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 2} Cf. Deutsch, Karl W., The Analysis of International Relations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1968).Google Scholar

^{page 188 note 1} Zartman, I. William, International Relations in the New Africa (Englewood Cliffs, 1966), p. 164.Google Scholar

^{page 188 note 2} See Mazrui, Ali A., ‘World Culture and the Search for Human Consensus,’ in Mendlovitz, Saul H. (ed.), On the Creation of a Just World Order. Preferred Worlds for the 1990s (New York, 1975).Google Scholar

^{page 189 note 1} For a detailed discussion of this concept, see Mazrui, Ali A., ‘The New Interdependence,’ in Erb, Guy F. and Kalb, V. (eds.), Beyond Dependency–the Developing World Speaks (Washington, D.C., 1975);Google Scholar and Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph P., Power and Interdependence: world politics in transition (Boston, 1977).Google Scholar

^{page 189 note 2} For the impact of the Arab slave trade on black African attitudes towards the Arabs, see Oded, Aryeh, ‘Slaves and Oil: the Arab image in Black Africa,’ in The Winer Library Bulletin (Washington, D.C.), 227, 32, 1974.Google Scholar Also see Lewis, I. M., Islam in Tropical Africa (London, 1966).Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 1} Mazrui, Ali A., Africa's International Relations: the diplomacy of dependence and change (Boulder, 1977), pp. 130–1.Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 2} See Mazrui, ‘World Culture and the Search for Human Consensus’, p. 3.

^{page 191 note 1} See Mazrui, Ali A., ‘Eurafrica, Eurarabia and the Tensions of Tripolarity’, in Wai, Dunstan M. (ed.), Interdependence in a World of Unequals: African—Arab—OECD triangular co-operation (Boulder, 1982).Google Scholar

^{page 192 note 1} For a detailed study of the conflict in the Sudan, see Wai, Dunstan M., The African—Arab Conflict in the Sudan (New York, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 194 note 1} For an excellent analysis of the concept of ‘We Are All Africans’, see Mazuri, Ali A., Towards a Pax Africana: a study of ideology and ambition (London and Chicago, 1967), pp. 42–58.Google Scholar

^{page 195 note 1} Tripoli Radio Home Service, 11 February 1976, cited in Africa Contemporary Record, 1976–77, p. A76.

^{page 196 note 1} The Afro—Arab 1977 Cairo Summit Communiqué.

^{page 197 note 1} The black African states refused to support an Arab resolution at the 1979 O.A.U. summit in Monrovia to remove Egypt, and subsequently declined to attend a Libyan-sponsored African–Arab Heads of State meeting without Egypt.

^{page 199 note 1} Mazrui, Africa's International Relations, p. 151.

^{page 199 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 199 note 3} Buo, Sammy Kum, Africa Report (Washington, D.C.), 09–10 1975, p. 18.Google Scholar

^{page 200 note 1} Rweyemamu, Justinian F., ‘Non-Oil Sub-Saharan Africa and the Oil Bills’, Conference on African–Arab Economic Partnership in Development, Bellagio, Italy, 1–15 February 1982, p. 3. I am grateful to the late Professor Rweyemamu for allowing me to use his tables in this article.Google Scholar

^{page 201 note 1} Ibid. p. 5.

^{page 201 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 201 note 3} Ibid. p. 7.

^{page 202 note 1} Lyall, Michael, ‘Arab Aid to Black Africa: myth vs. reality’, in Wai, (ed.), Interdependence in a World of Unequals, p. 7.Google Scholar

^{page 208 note 1} Arab Bank for African Economic Development, Annual Report, 1979, (Khartoum, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 208 note 2} Nasr, Z. A., ‘The Kuwait Fund and Trilateral Cooperation’, Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, February 1977, cited in Willar Johnson, ‘African—Arab—Western Industrial Country “Trilateral” Cooperation: a note of caution’, Cambridge, Mass., 1978, p. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 208 note 3} That is, if the relationships and the economic transactions are based on reciprocity (mutual interests) and mutual vulnerability of all parties. For a detailed study of the evolving relationship among African, Arab, and western industrialised countries, see Wai, (ed.), Interdependence in a World of Unequals.Google Scholar

^{page 209 note 1} Berg, Elliot J., ‘Africa and the New International Economic Order’, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, 04 1977, mimeographed.Google Scholar

^{page 209 note 2} Africa, 90, 02 1979.Google Scholar

^{page 210 note 1} Waterbury, John, ‘The Middle East in the Context of North—South Relations’, Council on Foreign Relations 1980s Project, New York, 1978.Google Scholar