Article contents
Africa and the New World Order
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 November 2008
Extract
The end of the cold war and of the bi-polar world order that shaped international relations over the past 50 years is forcing the Government of the United States to make dramatic policy changes that affect all parts of the globe. In Africa, it is also confronted by significant new developments on local, regional, and continent-wide levels. Of particular concern to American leaders are increasing internal demands for political democracy, and the intensification of ethnic and other conflicts which call national integrity into question. And, as the decision to send up to 30,000 marines, infantrymen, and other troops to Somalia proves, the U.S. Administration will not hesitate to use military force if authorised by the United Nations.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993
References
1 President Bush, George, ‘A New World Order’, in National Security Strategy of the United States (Washington, DC, 1991), p. v.Google Scholar
2 U.S. Army and U.S. Department of Defence, Posture Statement for Fiscal Year 1991 (Washington, DC, 1990), p. 3.Google Scholar
3 General Gray, Alfred M., ‘Defense Policy for the 1990s’, in Marine Corps Gazette (Quantico, VA), 05 1990, p. 18.Google Scholar
4 Rôle for SOLIC’, in Jane's Defence Weekly (Coulsdon, Surrey), 12 05 1990, p. 915.Google Scholar
5 ‘SOCOM Spotlights Africa’, in ibid.
6 The Baltimore Sun, 15 March 1992, and The Washington Post, 30 April 1992.
7 See, for example, Magyar, Karl, ‘Africa's Changing Strategic Role in America's PostContainment Diplomacy’, U.S. African Studies Association, Baltimore, Maryland, 1 November 1990, and ‘Sub-Saharan Africa: political marginalization and strategic re-alignment’, International Studies Association, Vancouver, 20 March 1991;Google ScholarNewsom, David D., ‘After the Cold War: U.S. Interest in sub-Saharan Africa’, in The Washington Quarterly, Winter 1990, pp. 99–114;Google ScholarHull, Richard W., ‘The Challenge to the United States in Africa’, in Current History (Philadelphia), 05 1991, pp. 193–6 and 233–4;Google ScholarSchraeder, Peter J., ‘Speaking with Many Voices: continuity and change in U.S. Africa policies’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 29, 3, 09 1991, pp. 373–412;Google ScholarChege, Michael, ‘Remembering Africa’, in Foreign Affairs (New York), 71, 1, 02 1992, pp. 146–63;Google Scholar and Wright, Stephen, ‘Africa in the Post-Cold War World’, in TransAfrica Forum (New Brunswick), 9, 2, Summer 1992, pp. 25–37.Google Scholar
8 The Washington Post, 10 September 1989.
9 Ibid. and 19 February 1990; Africa News (Durham, NC), 28 05 1989, pp. 6–7;Google Scholar and Africa Report (New York), 09—10 1989, pp. 8–9.Google Scholar
10 U.S. State Department and U.S. Defense Security Assistance Agency, Congressional Presentation for Security Assistance Programs, Fiscal Year 1991 (Washington, DC, 1990), pp. 253–4.Google Scholar
11 The Washington Post, 10 November 1985, 11 August 1989, and 19 February 1990; The New York Times, 19 and 26 August 1980; 1 and 5 August 1985; The San Francisco Chronicle, 23 August 1980; The Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 August 1985; The Newark Star-Ledger, 6 August 1985; and interviews with staff members of the U.S. Central Command Press Office, McDil Air Force Base, Tampa, Florida, 17 January 1990.
12 The Washington Post, 6–9 January 1991 and 5 January 1992.
13 Ibid. 8 January 1991.
14 Ibid. 19 August 1992.
15 Ibid. 8 January 1991.
16 Ibid. 15 October 1992.
17 Ibid. 24 September, 2 and 14 October, and 11 November 1992.
18 The Washington Post, 2, 29, and 31 January, 20 May, 19, 21, and 22 November 1991, 15 and 16 February, 13 and 26 March 15 April, 7 June, 25, 27, and 29 July, 14 August, and 28 October 1992; The New York Times, 16 October, 21 and 29 November 1991, 8, 15, and 17 February, 18 March, 25 and 31 July, 7 and 13 August 1992; The Middle East (London), 03 1991, pp. 28–9;Google ScholarNew African (London), 09 1991, p. 19.Google Scholar
19 The Washington Post, 15–16 and 18–22 August 1992, and The New York Times, 18 and 19 August 1992.
20 The Washington Post, 22 August 1992.
21 Ibid. 15 and 17–18 September, 15, 26, and 30 October 1992; The New York Times, 15, 17–18, and 22 September, 23, 28, and 30 October, and 2 November 1992; and West Africa (London), 12–18 10 1992, p. 1735.Google Scholar
22 The Washington Post, 25–30 November, and 1–9 December 1992; and The New York Times, 27–30 November, and 1–9 December 1992.
23 U.S. Defense Security Assistance Agency, Foreign Military Sales, Foreign Military Construction Sales and Military Assistance Facts, as of September 30, 1990 (Washington DC, 1991), passim.Google Scholar
24 The Washington Post, 31 January, 19 March, and 15 June 1990; West Africa, 12–18 February 1990, p. 240, 19–25 February 1990, p. 294, 5–11 March 1990, p. 366, and 12–18 March 1990, pp. 407–8; and Africa Report, July—August 1990, pp. 47–9.
25 The Washington Post, 1, 3–5, 11, and 22 June, 14 July, 6, 8, and 10 August 1990; The Los Angeles Times, 8 July 1990; and Parker, Lieutenant-Colonel T. W., ‘Operation Sharp Edge’, in U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings (Annapolis), 05 1991, pp. 102–6.Google Scholar
26 The Washington Post, 8 August 1990, and Daniel Volman's notes on ‘Open Forum: Herman J. Cohen, Assistant Secretary of State for Africa’, U.S. African Studies Association, St. Louis, Missouri, 25 November 1991.Google Scholar
27 The Washington Post, 11 and 20 September, 1 November 1991, and 15 April 1992; The New York Times, 17 November 1991; The San Francisco Chronicle, 10 August 1991; West Africa, 23–29 September 1991, pp. 1570–1, and 20–24 April 1992, p. 674; and Africa Watch, Liberia. The Cycle of Abuse: human rights violations since the November cease-fire (New York, 21 10 1991).Google Scholar
28 The Washington Post, 22–23 and 29–30 October, and 1, 6, and 20 November 1992; The New York Times, 23 and 29 October 1992; Peter da Costa, ‘Peace Postponed’, in Africa Report, May—June 1992, pp.49–54; Baffour Ankomah, ‘With Taylor Inside Liberia–16; and B.B.C. World Service. Newshour (London), 2, 15, and 21–22 10, and 1–2 11 1992.Google Scholar
29 The Washington Post, 25 April 1986.
30 Ibid. 28 May and 2 June 1991, and U.S. House Sub-Committee on Africa, Hearings on the Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Role of the United States (Washington, DC, 1992).Google Scholar
31 The Washington Post, 11 and 29 June, 3–6 July, 2 October 1991, 2 February, 4 and 17 April 1992; The New York Times, 29 June 1991, 10 January, and 2 March 1992; and New African, October 1991, pp. 20–1.
32 The Washington Post, 22 and 24 June, and 6 October 1992; The San-Francisco Chronicle, 22 August 1992; and B.B.C. Newshour, 22 October 1992.
33 Testimony of Assistant Secretary Herman J. Cohen Before the House Foreign Affairs Committee Africa Sub-Committee on September 17, 1992 (Washington, DC, 1992), p. 5.Google Scholar
34 The Washington Post, 16 and 18 February, 18 and 21 December 1986; The New York Times, 23 December 1986; Africa Report, July—August 1986, pp. 80–3; and Foreign Military Sales…as of September 30, 1990, pp. 62–3, 70–1s, and 94.
35 The Washington Post, 5–6, 8, 10 and 13 January, 13, 24, and 26 March, 13 April, 8–9, 12, and 17 September 1988; and African Report, January—February 1988, p. 7.
36 The Washington Post, 6 April 1989; 18 and 30 November, and 2–6 December 1990; West Africa, 24–30 April 1989, p. 665, 13–19 November 1989, p. 1910, 23–29 April 1990, pp. 687–8, 2–8 July 1990, p. 2035, and 24–30 September 1990, p. 2533; and New African, August 1989, pp. 21–2.
37 The Washington Post, 9 December 1990, and 18 May 1990; The New York Times, 11 March 1991; West Africa, 17–23 December 1990, p. 3051; New African, january 1991, p. 17; Africa Events (London), 01 1991, pp. 8 and 36Google Scholar; and Africa Report, May—June 1991, pp. 6 and 11.
38 Africa Report, May—June 1991, p. 11.
39 The Washington Post, 1, 3, and 5 January 1992; West Africa 6–12 July 1992, p. 1144, and 12–18 October 1992, p. 1734.
40 The Washington Post, 22 February 1980; The New York Times, 10 and 19 January, and 22 April 1980; The Baltimore Sun, 23 February and 27 April 1980; Africa Report, March—April 1980, p. 4; and Foreign Military Sales… as of September 30, 1990, pp. 38–9, 62–3, and 94–5.
41 The Washington Post, 2 and 24–25 February, 4 March, 26–27 July, 28 August, 30 September, and 17 November 1990; The Los Angeles Times, 8–11 July 1990; New African, May 1990, pp. 17–18; Africa Report, May—June 1990, pp. 17–20, and September—October 1990, pp. 13–16.
42 Africa Report, September—October 1990, p. 15.
43 Ibid. November—December 1990, p. 27.
44 Africa Report, November—December 1990, pp. 27–9, and May—June 1991, pp. 53–5; Africa Events, January 1990, pp. 10–11; The Nation (New York), 29 04 1991, p. 548; The Washington Post, 13 November 1991; and B.B.C. Newshour, 4 March 1992.Google Scholar
45 Volman. op. cit.
46 The Washington Post, 12, 17, 19–20, and 27–28 November, 3 and 7 December 1991, 13–14 and 19 January, 21 March and 29 April 1992; The New York Times, 12, 17, 19–21, and 29 November, 3–4 December 1991, 5 and 21 March, and 24 May 1992; and Stamp, Patricia, ‘The Politics of Dissent in Kenya’, in Current History (Philadelphia), 05 1991, pp. 205–8 and 227–9.Google Scholar
47 ‘Muliro's Last Days’, in New African, October 1992, p. 18.Google Scholar
48 The Washington Post, 30 October 1992, and B.B.C. Newshour, 23 October and 3 November 1992.
49 Author's notes on questions and answers, House of Representatives, Washington, DC, 23 June 1992.
50 Foreign Military Sales…as of September 30, 1990, pp. 42–3, 64–5, and 96–7.
51 The Washington Post, 25–26 April, 4, 12, 25 and 28 May, 23 June 1990, 14 May and 3 September 1991, and 27 January 1992; The New York Times, 14 August and 13 November 1991; West Africa, 7–13 May 1990, pp. 752–4, 17–23 December 1990, p. 3065, 29 July–4 August 1991, p. 1257, 16–22 September 1991, p. 1553, and 23–9 September 1991, p. 1609; New African, March 1990, p. 22, June 1990, p. 16, and February 1991, p. 22; Africa Report, July—August 1990, pp. 8–9, and January—February 1991, p. 9; and Testimony by Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Mr. Herman J. Cohen, Before the Senate Sub-Committee on Africa, November 6, 1991 (Washington, DC), pp. 1–5.Google Scholar
52 The Washington Post, 24–30 September, 1, 5, 10, 15–16, 20 and 29 October, 1–2, 5, 7 and 27 November 1991, and 28 January 1992, and The New York Times, 25–26 September, 15, 23–24, 26, 29 and 31 October, 4 and 13 November 1991.
53 The Washington Post, 24–30 September 1991 and 28 January 1992, and The New York Times, 25–26 September 1991.
54 The Washington Post, 30 September, 1, 5, 10, 15–16, 20 and 29 October, 1–2, 5 and 27 November, 13 December 1991, 27 January, 17–18 and 27–28 February, 1 April 1992; The New York Times, 15, 23–24, 26, 29 and 21 October, 4 and 13 November, 6, 9 and 14 December 1991, p. 1723 and 2–8 March 1992, p. 385; and Testimony by Assistant Secretary of State…November 6, 1991, p. 3.
55 The Washington Post, 6 and 16 August 1992; The New York Times, 6 and 16 August, and 5 October 1992; and West Africa, 24–30 August 1992, p. 1453, 31 August–6 September 1992, p. 1497, 28 September—4 October 1992, p. 1632, and 19–25 October 1992, p. 1786.
56 The Washington Post, 5 and 19 November 1991, and 27 January 1992.
57 Testimony by Assistant Secretary of State… November 6, 1991, pp. 4 and 8, and author's notes on questions and answers.
58 ‘U.S. Sentate Sub-Committee on Africa. Hearings on the Emergency Situation in Zaïre and Somalia, February 5, 1992’, Reuter's transcript report, pp. 7–8.
59 The Washington Post, 3 December 1992, and B.B.C. Newshour, 2 and 3 December 1992.
60 Clinton, Bill, ‘A Democrat Lays Out His Plan: a new covenant for American security’, in Harvard International Review (Cambridge, MA), Summer 1992, pp. 26–7.Google Scholar
61 Ibid. p. 27.
62 Ibid. p. 28.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid. p. 62.
65 See The Washington Post, 14 and 18 August, 29 September, 2 and 12 October 1992; The New York Times, 14 August, 2 and 4 October 1992; and The Baltimore Sun, 2 October 1992.
66 The New York Times, 21 October 1992, report of assesment at the National Security Studies Program of Georgetown University.Google Scholar
67 Reported in ibid. 8 March 1992.
68 General Powell, Colin, The National Military Policy of the United States (Washington, DC, 1992), pp. 2, 7 and 11.Google Scholar See also, Testimony of Defense Secretary Richard Cheney and Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Colin Powell Before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, March 4, 1992 (Washington, DC, 1992).Google Scholar
69 The Washington Post and The New York Times, 20 March 1992.
70 The New York Times, 1 January 1992.
71 The Washington Post, 31 January 1992.
72 Ibid. 12 March 1992, and The New York Times, 31 December 1991 and 1 January 1992.
73 The Washington Post and The New York Times, 1 September 1992.
74 The Washington Post, 24 September, 2 October, and 11 November 1992.
75 Ibid. 31 January and 12 March 1992.
76 Clinton, loc. cit. p. 62.
77 The Washington Post and The Times, 21 January 1993.
- 12
- Cited by