Nature of these contributions. What characterizes these contributions is that they are mainly of a logical nature. Placing ourselves on logic as a stand-point, we have endeavoured to take a comprehensive view of the domain around; and have not rested satisfied with merely examining mental processes in their results, but from logic have penetrated wherever we could into the psychology of logic. The consequence has been that the logic and the psychology have not always harmonized. We have had occasion indeed in several cases to reject the ordinary doctrines of logical science, and modify them in such a manner as our psychological researches seemed to us to direct; and we cannot conceive, though the contrary opinion is held by high authorities, that the laws of thought can be fully determined otherwise than by following the method we have here observed, that is, tracing every mental process to its source by a searching and exhaustive analysis. How far we have succeeded in carrying out this undertaking it is not for us to decide. All we dare hope is that we have done enough to justify our plan of inquiry; and that we have contributed in however trifling a degree towards the advancement of that noblest of sciences—the science of mind, and especially that noblest portion of it which affords an answer to the long asked question:—What is Truth?

The valuable report on the history and condition of the McLean Asylum for the Insane for the year 1858, derives a peculiar importance from the few pages which the Superintendent devotes to the causes of insanity, so far as they were developed and affected by the peculiar circumstances of the year, and were connected with the recent financial crisis and the religious excitements of that period. Dr. Tyler discourses wisely upon these matters, and gives admonitions which, were they heeded, would save many from mental disturbance and more from mental death.

Medical men and the non-professional members of the community interested in the welfare of the insane of this country, have, after many years' labor in the cause, succeeded in bringing about a comparatively satisfactory condition of the public and private asylums, and they may be forgiven the exhibition of a certain spirit of repose and self-gratulation. The mass of abuses has been hurled aside and the reformers of British lunatic asylums have only minor peccadilloes to seize upon, and the only prospect of more exciting work for them is to be found in an exploration of the condition of patients not in asylums. A Lunacy Commission armed with considerable and very elastic powers is likewise in full operation, which, although too small for all the functions rightly devolving upon it, can at least so supervise public asylums and licensed houses that irregularities of any magnitude can have but a short-lived existence.

In attempting to describe the rise and progress of the paralysis, that forms one of the most remarkable symptoms of ‘paralytic insanity,’ I propose to notice first the affection of the muscles of the tongue, which is generally that which most strongly arrests the attention of the physician, who sees a patient in the second or fully-developed stage of the malady. In the last stage, the power of articulation is entirely gone; in both of these the paralysis is so marked, and the evidence of mental disease so clear, that the nature of the case can hardly be mistaken. It is in the very onset of the malady, that the peculiar lisp or failure of utterance, indicating disorder of the nervous centres, at or near the orifice of the nerves supply in the tongue muscles, is of paramount importance in the diagnosis, because if this symptom be superadded to eccentricity of conduct, or distinct delusion, there can remain but little doubt as to the existence of this special and almost invariably fatal form of disease. The alienist physician accustomed to watch the progress of general paralysis, and to recognize its slightest indication, cannot mistake the faulty pronounciation in question, for that of any other form of malady; but inasmuch as there are several affections of the speech that might mislead an unskilled practitioner, it may be useful to describe some of these derangements of the apparatus of articulation, and specify their points of difference. In the first place, an affection of the speech, very much resembling the embarassed articulation of incipient paralytic insanity, may be the result of temporary local congestion at the base of the brain, or may be produced by sudden fright, or by the action of poisons, particularly aconite; the indistinct utterance attending intoxication, is a familiar instance of poisoning of this kind: and all these are easily distinguished by the suddenness of their occurrence, and by their history, from the stutter of general paralysis. The articulation of the habitual stammerer is sometimes not unlike that which is the result of serious organic mischief; and still more striking in its resemblance, is the hesitation of speech, that may be observed in some cases of poisoning by lead. The ordinary signs of saturnine poisoning, the blue gum-line, the dropping of the wrist, &c., will mark this latter malady—the history of the case will prevent any mistake in the former. I may mention here, that I believe it to be an exceptional occurrence to find a person of unsound mind who stammers; such a case at least must be very uncommon, a fact which I can only account for on the supposition that the greater disease prevents any manifestation of the minor nervous derangement.

My object in this paper, is to endeavour to draw a strict line of demarcation between those forms of insanity which may be comprehended under the terms of mania and melancholia, and the delirium, which we witness in the various inflammatory affections of the brain fever, or delirium-tremens. If we were aware of the absolute pathological changes which exist in insanity, the correctness of a theory would be easily proved or disproved. In the absence, however, of evidence of this nature, which may be regarded as of a positive kind, I am compelled to draw my inferences from symptoms of disease during life, which may be regarded as evidence of a circumstantial nature. It is now some years since Dr. Wigan published a work on the duality of the mind, or, in other words, that as the brain consists of two sides or hemispheres, so these may have a distinct individuality of their own, just as occurs in the various senses, the eye, the ear, &c.

The English Hospital at Constantinople, is a good one, and situate near the Tower of Calata, overlooking the ancient Chalcedon, the modern Kadeköui, the ancient Byantrum, the modern Stamboul, with its elegant minarets, and well proportioned mosques; in the distance is the snow-clad Olympus, and within a few hundred yards, the Golden Horn, crowded with ships from all parts of the Globe. What a magnificent site, as far as view is concerned, would this offer for a hospital for the insane. But the ground is too valuable to afford any opportunity to enclose proper courts for exercise, and gardens for occupation.