Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T20:13:44.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Somatic Manifestations of Schizophrenia

A Clinical Study of Their Significance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2018

F. Mackenzie Shattock
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

There is still no agreement on the aetiology of schizophrenia, or general acceptance of its definition as a “functional psychosis.” There is agreement only on the complexity of the problem presented by an illness which involves every aspect of the personality, and is precipitated by a multiplicity of internal and external causes. This complexity suggests that an approach from many angles, clinical, genetic, sociological, statistical, or even a more remote biological or physiological approach may yield some information of value.

Type
Part I.—Original Articles
Information
Journal of Mental Science , Volume 96 , Issue 402 , January 1950 , pp. 32 - 142
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1950 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Cornell, W. B. (1912), J. Amer. Med. Ass., 59, 2208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2 Mapother, E. (1924), “Early Mental Disease,” Lancet, Extra No. 2, p. 81.Google Scholar
3 Bleuler, E. (1920), Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Google Scholar
4 Lewis, T. (1929-31), Heart, 15, 1.Google Scholar
5 Richards, R. L. (1946), The Peripheral Circulation in Health and Disease. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
6 Lewis, T. (1936), Vascular Disorders of the Limbs. London.Google Scholar
7 Lewis, T. (1941), Brit. Med. J., 2, 795, 837, 869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8 Pickering, G. W. (1931-33), Heart, 16, 115.Google Scholar
9 Gibbon, J. H., and Landis, E. M. (1932), J. Clin. Invest., 11, 1019.Google Scholar
10 Grant, R. T. (1929-31), Heart, 15, 281.Google Scholar
11 Doupé, J., Robertson, J. S. M., and Carmichael, E. A. (1937), Brain, 60, 281.Google Scholar
12 Lewis, T., and Pickering, G. W. (1931-33), Heart, 16, 33.Google Scholar
13 Learmonth, J. R. (1943), Edinb. Med. J., 50, 140.Google Scholar
14 Fatheree, T. J. (1938), Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 13, 508.Google Scholar
15 Uprus, V., Gaylor, J. B., and Carmichael, E. A. (1935-36), Clin. Sci., 2, 301.Google Scholar
16 Jung, R., and Carmichael, E. A. (1937-38), Arch. f. Psychiat., 107, 300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17 Abramson, D. I. (1944), Vascular Responses in the Extremities of Man in Health and Disease. Chicago.Google Scholar
18 Cameron, D. E. (1934), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 32, 704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19 Tomescu, P. (1933), Vol. jubilaire Marinesco, p. 651. Bucharest.Google Scholar
20 Mittelmann, B., and Wolff, H. G. (1943), Psychosom. Med., 5, 211.Google Scholar
21 Lipkin, M., McDevitt, E., Schwartz, M. S., and Duryee, A. W. (1945). Psychosom. Med., 7, 152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Mufson, J. (1944), Ann. Int. Med., 20, 228.Google Scholar
23 Gottschalk, L. A. (1946), Psychosom. Med., 8, 16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24 Minski, L. (1937), J. Ment. Sci., 83, 437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25 Stern, E. S. (1937), J. Ment. Sci., 83, 408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26 Layani, F. (1929), Les Acrocyanoses. Paris.Google Scholar
27 Stürup, G. K. (1942), Klin. Wschr., 21, 245.Google Scholar
28 Lewis, T. (1929-31), Heart, 15, 7.Google Scholar
29 Lewis, T. (1941), Brit. Med. J., 2, 795.Google Scholar
30 Blair, D. M., Davies, F., and McKissock, W. (1934-35), Brit. J. Surg., 22, 406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31 Telford, E. D., and Stopford, J. S. B. (1930-31), Brit. J. Surg., 18, 557.Google Scholar
32 de Jong, H. (1921), Zschr. f. Neurol. u. Psychiat., 69, 61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33 Klingman, T. (1946), Amer. J. Psychiat., 103, 69.Google Scholar
34 Block, W. (1942-43), Arch. f. Min Chirurg., 204, 64.Google Scholar
35 Learmonth, J. R. (1942-43), Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 36, 515.Google Scholar
36 Jost, H., and Sontag, L. W. (1944), Psychosom. Med., 6, 308.Google Scholar
37 Rees, W. L. (1944), Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 37, 635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38 Day, R., and Klingman, W. O. (1939), J. Clin. Invest., 18, 271.Google Scholar
39 Morrison, H. (1933), New Engl. J. Med., 208, 438.Google Scholar
40 Machle, W., and Hatch, T. F. (1947), Physiol. Rev., 27, 200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41 Ariel, I., Bishop, F. W., and Warren, S. L. (1943), Cancer Res., 3, 448, 454.Google Scholar
42 Betz, B. J. (1942), Human Biology, 14, 192.Google Scholar
43 Connolly, C. J. (1939), Stud. Psychol. Psychiat. Cathol. Univ. Amer. 4, No. 5.Google Scholar
44 Lewis, N. D. C. (1923), Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Monog., No. 35.Google Scholar
45 Olkon, D. M. (1939), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 42, 652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46 Cobb, S., Cohen, M. E., and Badal, D. W. (1946), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 56, 643.Google Scholar
47 Davis, E. (1946), Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 39, 314.Google Scholar
48 Hauptmann, A. (1946), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 56, 631.Google Scholar
49 Greene, R. (1944). Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 37, 625.Google Scholar
50 Hoskins, R. G., and Jellinek, E. M. (1934), Proc. Ass. Res. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 14, 211.Google Scholar
51 Steiner, G., and Strauss, A. (1932), Bumke's, O. Handb. d. Geisteskrankh., IX, p. 266.Google Scholar
52 Pförtner, O. (1910), Monatschr. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol., 28, 208.Google Scholar
53 Freeman, H., Hoskins, R. G., and Sleeper, F. H. (1932), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 27, 333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54 Rheingold, J. C. (1939), Psychosom. Med., 1, 397.Google Scholar
55 Krinsky, C. M., and Gottlieb, J. S. (1936), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 35, 304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56 Cameron, D. E., and Jellinek, E. M. (1939), Endocrinol., 25, 100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57 Farrell, M. J., and Vassaf, E. (1940), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 43, 784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58 Gottlieb, J. S. (1936), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 35, 1256.Google Scholar
59 Looney, J. M., and Freeman, H. (1935), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 34, 956.Google Scholar
60 Finkelman, I., and Haffron, D. (1937), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 37, 1219.Google Scholar
61 Cotton, J. M., Lewis, N. D. C., and Egenhofer, A. W. (1940), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 43, 891.Google Scholar
62 Morel, F., Franceschetti, A., and Streiff, E. B. (1938), Schweiz. Med. Wschr., 19, 1166.Google Scholar
63 Zeligs, M. A. (1947), Psychosom. Med., 9, 110.Google Scholar
64 Gifford, S. R., and Marquardt, G. (1939), Arch. Ophthal., 21, 211.Google Scholar
65 Bramwell, E. (1926), Brit. Med. J., 2, 765.Google Scholar
66 Cobb, S., and Lennox, W. G. (1944), Fed. Proc. Sympos. on Cerebr. Circ., 3, 131.Google Scholar
67 McAlpine, D. (1933), Quart. J. Med., 2, 463.Google Scholar
68(1947), “Carotid Ligation,” Annotation, Lancet, 2, 761.Google Scholar
69 Guttmann, E. (1937), J. Ment. Sci., 83, 542.Google Scholar
70 Cobb, S., and Fremont-Smith, F. (1931), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 26, 731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71 Wolff, H. G., and Lennox, W. G. (1930), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 23, 1097.Google Scholar
72 Loevenhart, A. S., Lorenz, W. F., and Waters, R. M. (1929), J. Amer. Med. Ass., 92, 880.Google Scholar
73 Solomon, H. C., Kaufman, M. R., and D'Elseaux, F. C. (1930-31), Amer. J. Psychiat., 10, 761.Google Scholar
74 Ferris, E. B. (1941), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 46, 377.Google Scholar
75 Lennox, W. G., and Gibbs, E. L. (1932), J. Clin. Invest., 11, 1155.Google Scholar
76 Himwich, H. E., Bowman, K. M., Wortis, J., and Fazekas, J. F. (1939), J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 89, 273.Google Scholar
77 Loman, J., and Myerson, A. (1935-36), Amer. J. Psychiat., 92, 791.Google Scholar
78 Gibbs, F. A. (1933-34), Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 31, 141.Google Scholar
79 Kety, S. S., and Schmidt, C. F. (1945), Amer. J. Physiol., 143, 53.Google Scholar
80 Himwich, W. A., Homburger, E., Maresca, R., and Himwich, H. E. (1947), Amer. J. Psychiat., 103, 689.Google Scholar
81 Rosenbaum, M., Roseman, E., Aring, C. D., and Ferris, E. B. (1942), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 47, 793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82 Wortis, J., Bowman, K. M., and Goldfarb, W. (1940-41), Amer. J. Psychiat., 97, 552.Google Scholar
83 Himwich, H. E., Cameron, D. E., Homburger, E., and Feldman, F. (1944-45), Amer. J. Psychiat., 101, 453.Google Scholar
84 Cameron, D. E., Himwich, H. E., Rosen, S. R., and Fazekas, J. (1940-41), Amer. J. Psychiat., 97, 566.Google Scholar
85 Schmidt, C. F. (1944), Fed. Proc. Sympos. Cerebr. Circ., 3, 131.Google Scholar
86 Schmidt, C. F., Kety, S. S., and Pennes, H. H. (1945), Amer. J. Physiol., 143, 33.Google Scholar
87 Himwich, H. E., and Fazekas, J. F. (1944), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 51, 73.Google Scholar
88 Gibbs, F. A., Gibbs, E. L., and Lennox, W. G. (1935), Brain, 58, 44.Google Scholar
89 Raphael, T., Parsons, J. P., and Woodwell, M. N. (1923), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 9, 471.Google Scholar
90 Bowman, K. M., and Grabfield, G. P. (1923), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 9, 358.Google Scholar
91 Farr, C. B. (1924), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 12, 518.Google Scholar
92 Hoskins, R. G. (1932), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 28, 1346.Google Scholar
93 Fischer, S. (1927), Klin. Wschr., 6, 1987.Google Scholar
94 Fischer, S. (1933), Zschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat., 147, 109.Google Scholar
95 Greving, H. (1940-41), Arch. f. Psychiat., 112, 613.Google Scholar
96 Jahn, D. (1939), Klin. Wscht., 18, 410.Google Scholar
97 de Jong, H. H. (1945), Experimental Catatonia. Baltimore.Google Scholar
98 Lingjaerde, O. (1934), Acta Psychiat. et Neurol., Sappl. V. Kopenhagen.Google Scholar
99 Lundquist, G. (1939), Zschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat., 166, 546.Google Scholar
100 Reiter, P. J. (1929), Zur Pathologie der Dementia Praecox. Kopenhagen.Google Scholar
101 Davidson, C. S., Lewis, J. H., Tagnon, H. J. (1946), New Engl. J. of Med., 234, 279.Google Scholar
102 Maegraith, B., Andrews, W. H. H., and Gall, D. (1947), Lancet, 2, 781.Google Scholar
103 Armstrong, H. G. (1939), Principles and Practice of Aviation Medicine. London.Google Scholar
104 Hoskins, R. G. (1937), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 38, 1261.Google Scholar
105 McFarland, R. A. (1932), Arch. Psychol., No. 145.Google Scholar
106 Hoskins, R. G. (1933-34), Ann. Int. Med., 7, 445.Google Scholar
107 Brown, G. A., Cronick, C. H., Motley, H. L., Kocour, E. J., and Klingman, W. O. (1944), Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass., 70, 113.Google Scholar
108 Baganz, C. N., and Norris, J. M. (1942-43), Amer. J. Psychiat., 99, 534.Google Scholar
109 Sharp, H. C., and Baganz, C. N. (1940-41), Amer. J. Psychiat., 97, 650.Google Scholar
110 Mayer-Gross, W., and Berliner, F. (1942), J. Ment. Sci., 88, 419.Google Scholar
111 Ranson, S. W., and Magoun, H. W. (1939), Ergeh, d. Physiol., 41, 56.Google Scholar
112 Horvath, S. M., Golden, H., and Wager, J. (1946), J. Clin. Invest., 25, 709.Google Scholar
113 Grafe, E. (1922), Deut. Arch. f. Klin. Med., 139, 155.Google Scholar
114 Freeman, H. (1939), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat, 42, 724.Google Scholar
115 Mittelmann, B., and Wolff, H. G. (1939), Psychosom. Med., 1, 271.Google Scholar
116 Sheard, C., and Williams, M. M. D. (1940), Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo. Clin., 15, 758.Google Scholar
117 Maddock, W. G., and Coller, F. A. (1932-33), Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 30, 916.Google Scholar
118 Kirklin, O. L., Plummer, W. A., and Sheard, C. (1940), Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo. Clin., 15, 774.Google Scholar
119 Du Bois, E. F. (1945), quoted Recent Advances Endocrinology. A. T. Cameron, London.Google Scholar
120 Hemphill, R. E. (1942), J. Ment. Sci., 88, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
121 Hoskins, R. G. and Sleeper, F. H. (1930), Amer. J. Psychiat., 10, 411.Google Scholar
122 Hoskins, R. G. and Sleeper, F. H. (1946), The Biology of Schizophrenia. New York.Google Scholar
123 Gjessing, R. (1938-39), Arch. f. Psychiat., 109, 525.Google Scholar
124 Hardwick, S. W., and Stokes, A. B. (1940-41), Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 34, 733.Google Scholar
125 Cohen, L. H., and Fierman, J. H. (1938), Endocrinol., 22, 548.Google Scholar
126 Issekutz, B. v., and Issekutz, B. v. junr. (1934), Klin. Wschr., 13, 1060.Google Scholar
127 Kommerell, B. (1931), Pflüger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 227, 1.Google Scholar
128 Turner, M. L. (1946), Endocrinol., 38, 263.Google Scholar
129 Rubin, M. A., Cohen, L. H., and Hoagland, H., (1937), Endocrinol., 21, 536.Google Scholar
130 Meyer, H. E. (1937), Zentralbl. f. Inn. Med., 58, 209.Google Scholar
131 Rapport, D., Canzanelli, A., and Guild, R. (1946), Endocrinol., 38, 260.Google Scholar
132 Riggs, D. S., Man, E. B., and Winkler, A. W. (1945), J. Clin. Invest., 24, 722.Google Scholar
133 Zondek, H., and Wolfsohn, G. (1944), Lancet, 2, 438.Google Scholar
134 Fischer, S. (1939), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 42, 644.Google Scholar
135 Turner, R. S., and Turner, M. L. (1945), Endocrinol., 36, 32.Google Scholar
136 Gordon, A. S., Goldsmith, E. D., and Charipper, H. A. (1945), Endocrinol., 36, 53.Google Scholar
137 Wislocki, G. B., and King, L. S. (1936), Amer. J. Anat., 58, 421.Google Scholar
138 Green, J. D., and Harris, G. W. (1947), J. Endocrinol., 5, 136.Google Scholar
139 Ring, G. C. (1942), Amer. J. Physiol., 137, 582.Google Scholar
140 Lowe, G. H., Ivy, A. C., and Brock, S. (1945), Endocrinol., 36, 130.Google Scholar
141 Uotila, U. U. (1939), Endocrinol., 25, 605.Google Scholar
142 Allen, C., and Broster, L. R. (1945), Brit. Med. J., 1, 696.Google Scholar
143 Vogt, M. (1944-45), J. Physiol., 103, 317.Google Scholar
144 Vogt, M. (1945-46), J. Physiol., 104, 60.Google Scholar
145 Herrington, L. P., and Nelbach, J. H. (1942), Endocrinol., 30, 375.Google Scholar
146 Selye, H. (1938), Amer. J. Physiol., 123, 758.Google Scholar
147 Peczenik, O. (1947), Proc. Roy. Soc. B., 134, 218.Google Scholar
148 Dawes, G. S. (1946), Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1, 90.Google Scholar
149 Burn, J. H., and Dutta, N. K. (1948), Nature, 161, 18.Google Scholar
150 Robinson, , Power, and Kepler, (1945), quoted Recent Advances in Endocrinology. A. T. Cameron. London.Google Scholar
151 Fraser, R., and Smith, P. H. (1941), Quar. J. Med., 10, 297.Google Scholar
152 Selye, H. (1946), J. Clin. Endocrinol., 6, 117.Google Scholar
153 Ingle, D. J. (1942), Endocrinol., 31, 419.Google Scholar
154 Sayers, G., and Sayers, M. S. (1947), Endocrinol., 40, 265.Google Scholar
155 Simpson, S. L. (1939), Practitioner, 143, 502.Google Scholar
156 Elmadjian, F., and Pincus, G. (1945), Endocrinol., 37, 47.Google Scholar
157 Pincus, G., and Elmadjian, F. (1946), J. Clin. Endocrinol., 6, 295.Google Scholar
158 Hoagland, H., Elmadjian, F., and Pincus, G. (1946), J. Clin. Endocrinol., 6, 301.Google Scholar
159 Diethelm, O., Milhorat, A. T., and Small, S. M. (1942), Monatschr. Psychiat. u. Neurol., 105, 129.Google Scholar
160 Goodall, E. (1923), J. Ment. Sci., 69, 417.Google Scholar
161 Dougherty, T. F., and White, A. (1944), Endocrinol., 35, 1.Google Scholar
162 Dougherty, T. F., and White, A. (1946), Endocrinol., 39, 370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
163 Yoffey, J. M., and Baxter, J. S. (1946), J. Anat., 80, 132.Google Scholar
164 Ungar, G. (1945), Endocrinol., 37, 329.Google Scholar
165 Ungar, G. (1947), J. de Physiol. (Paris), 39, 219.Google Scholar
166 Elmadjian, F., Freeman, H., and Pincus, G. (1946), Endocrinol., 39, 293.Google Scholar
167 Cannon, W. B. (1929), Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage. New-York, 2nd ed. Google Scholar
168 Cori, C. F. (1924-25), Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., 22, 495.Google Scholar
169 Magee, H. E. (1930), Physiol. Rev., 10, 473.Google Scholar
170 Cori, C. F. (1931), Physiol. Rev., 11, 143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
171 Abbott, W. O., Karr, W. G., Glenn, P. M., and Warren, R. (1940), Amer. J. Med. Sci., 200, 532.Google Scholar
172 Balser, B. H., and Pacella, B. L. (1946), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 55, 157.Google Scholar
173 Maegraith, B. G., Adams, A. R. D., Havard, R. E., King, J. D., and Millet, R. F. (1945), Lancet, 2, 635.Google Scholar
174 Mann, S. A. (1925), J. Ment. Sci., 71, 443.Google Scholar
175 Raphael, T., and Parsons, J. P. (1921), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 5, 687.Google Scholar
176 McCowan, P. K., and Quastel, J. H. (1931), J. Ment. Sci., 77, 525.Google Scholar
177 MacLean, H. (1932), Glycosuria and Diabetes, 5th ed. Google Scholar
178 Lawrence, R. D. (1936), Brit. Med. J., 1, 526.Google Scholar
179 Greville, G. D. (1945), Lancet, 1, 754.Google Scholar
180 MacLean, H., and de Wesselow, O. L. V. (1920-21), Quart. J. Med., 14, 103.Google Scholar
181 Soskin, S., and Levine, R. (1946), Carbohydrate Metabolism. Chicago.Google Scholar
182 Freeman, H., Looney, J. M., Hoskins, R. G., and Dyer, C. G. (1943), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 49, 195.Google Scholar
183 Harris, M. M. (1942), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 48, 761.Google Scholar
184 Colowick, S. P., Cori, G. T., and Slein, M. W. (1947), J. Biol. Chem., 168, 583.Google Scholar
185 Thomas, J. C., Gilsenan, B., and Hewitt, E. J. C. (1939), J. Ment. Sci., 85, 696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
186 Holmgren, H., and Wohlfahrt, S. (1944), Acta Psychiat. et Neurol. Suppl., 31. Kopenhagen.Google Scholar
187 McFarland, R. A., and Goldstein, H. (1938-39), Amer. J. Psychiat., 95, 509.Google Scholar
188 Bowman, K. M., and Kasanin, J. (1929), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 21, 342.Google Scholar
189 Diethelm, O. (1936), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 36, 342.Google Scholar
190 McKean, R. M., Myers, G. B., and Von der Heide, E. C. (1935), Amer. J. Med. Sci., 189, 702.Google Scholar
191 Hemphill, R. E., Reiss, M., and Taylor, A. L. (1944), J. Ment. Sci., 90, 681.Google Scholar
192 Kallmann, F. J. (1938), Genetics of Schizophrenia. New York.Google Scholar
193 Tompkins, P. (1945), J. Obst. and Gynaec. Brit. Emp., 52, 241.Google Scholar
194 Bourne, A. (1947), Brit. Med. J., 1, 79.Google Scholar
195 Sydenham, A. (1946), Brit. Med. J., 2, 159.Google Scholar
196 Ryle, J. A. (1936), Lancet, 2, 893.Google Scholar
197 Raynaud, A. G. M. (1926), De l'Asphyxie locale. Paris.Google Scholar
198 Bishop, P. M. F. (1946), Gynaecological Endocrinology. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
199 Abramson, D. I., Zazeela, H., and Schkloven, N. (1941), Amer. Heart J., 21, 756.Google Scholar
200 McGrath, E. J. G. (1935), Arch. Intern. Med., 55, 942.Google Scholar
201 Suzman, M. M., Freed, C. C., and Prag, J. J. (1938), S. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 3, 29.Google Scholar
202 Reynolds, S. R. M. (1938), Science, 87, 537.Google Scholar
203 McGrath, E. J., and Herrmann, L. G. (1944), Ann. Surg., 120, 607.Google Scholar
204 White, J. C., and Smithwick, R. H. (1942), Autonomic Nervous System, 2nd ed. London.Google Scholar
205 Browne, F. J. (1946), J. Obst. Gynaec. Brit. Emp., 53, 510.Google Scholar
206 Papanicolaou, G. N. (1933), Amer. J. Anat. (Suppl.), 52, 519.Google Scholar
207 Mack, H. C. (1943), Amer. J. Obst. Gynec., 45, 402.Google Scholar
208 Papanicolaou, G. N., and Shorr, E. (1936), Amer. J. Obst. Gynec., 31, 806.Google Scholar
209 Bard, P. (1928), Amer. J. Physiol., 84, 490.Google Scholar
210 Masserman, J. (1943), Behaviour and Neurosis, An Experimental Psychoanalytic Approach. Chicago.Google Scholar
211 Hess, W. R. (1945). Bull. Acad. Suisse Sci. Med., 1, 138.Google Scholar
212 Moore, T. V. (1944), The Nature and Treatment of Mental Disorder. London.Google Scholar
213 Cantril, H., and Hunt, W. A. (1932), Amer. J. Psychol., 44, 300.Google Scholar
214 Grinker, R. R., and Serota, H. (1938), J. Neurophysiol., 1, 573.Google Scholar
215 Alpers, B. J. (1940), Psychosom. Med., 2, 286.Google Scholar
216 Ingram, W. R., Barris, R. W., and Ranson, S. W. (1936), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 35, 1175.Google Scholar
217 van Harreveld, A., and Kok, D. J. (1935), Arch. Neerl. Physiol., 20, 411.Google Scholar
218 Davidson, C., and Demuth, E. L. (1946), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 55, 111, 126, 364.Google Scholar
219 Davidson, C., and Demuth, E. L. (1945), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 54, 241.Google Scholar
220 Davidson, C., and Demuth, E. L. (1945), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 53, 399.Google Scholar
221 Nauta, W. J. H. (1946), J. Neurophysiol., 9, 285.Google Scholar
222 Kleitman, N. (1939), Sleep and Wakefulness. Chicago.Google Scholar
223 Forbes, T. W. (1934), Psychiat. Quart., 8, 538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
224 Critchley, M. (1930), Lancet, 2, 863.Google Scholar
225 Stockings, G. T. (1940), J. Ment. Sci., 86, 29.Google Scholar
226 Singer, H. D. (1938), J. Amer. Med. Ass., 110, 2048.Google Scholar
227 Obrador, S. (1943), J. Neurophysiol., 6, 81.Google Scholar
228 Walter, W. Grey, Griffiths, G. M., and Nevin, S. (1939), Brit. Med. J., 1, 107.Google Scholar
229 Cairns, H., Oldfield, R. C., Pennybacker, J. B., and Whitteridge, D. (1941), Brain, 64, 273.Google Scholar
230 Jefferson, G. (1944), Brit. Med. J., 1, 1.Google Scholar
231 Martin, P. (1947), Lumleian Lectures.Google Scholar
232 Levine, A., and Schilder, P. (1942), J. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 96 1.Google Scholar
233 Adie, W. J. (1927-28), Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 21, 993.Google Scholar
234 Holmes, G. (1936), Sixth John Mallet Purser Lecture, Dublin.Google Scholar
235 Bramwell, E. (1927-28), Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 21, 95.Google Scholar
236 Bielschowsky, A., Bumke, O., and Foerster, O. (1936), Handb. d. Neurol. Bd. IV. Berlin.Google Scholar
237 Stern, A. (1943), Monatschr. f. Psychiat., 108, 90.Google Scholar
238 Freeman, W., and Watts, L. W. (1946), Lancet, 1, 953.Google Scholar
239 Barré, G. A. (1947), International Congress of Physicians. London.Google Scholar
240 Rudolf, G. de M. (1946), J. Ment. Sci., 92, 814.Google Scholar
241 Murphy, J. P., and Gellhorn, E. (1945), J. Neurophysiol., 8, 339.Google Scholar
242 Schilder, P., and Bender, L. (1930-31), Amer. J. Psychiat., 10, 365.Google Scholar
243 Arieti, S. (1945), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 53, 378.Google Scholar
244 Adrian, E. D. (1934). Brain, 57, 355.Google Scholar
245 Tietz, E. B., and Birnbaum, S. M. (1942-43), Amer. J. Psychiat., 99, 75.Google Scholar
246 Hemphill, R. E., MacLeod, L. D., and Reiss, M. (1942), J. Ment. Sci., 88, 554.Google Scholar
247 Hoagland, H., and Pincus, G. (1943), Aviat. Med., 14, 173.Google Scholar
248 Carse, J., and Slater, E. (1946), J. Neurol. Neurosurg. and Psychiat., 9, 1.Google Scholar
249 Katzenelbogen, S., Baur, A. K., and Coyne, A. R. M. (1945), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 52, 323.Google Scholar
250 Himwich, H. E., and Fazekas, J. F. (1942), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 47, 800.Google Scholar
251 Meduna, L. J. (1945), Dis. Nerv. Sys., 6, 283.Google Scholar
252 Alexander, L., and Löwenbach, H. (1944), J. Neuropath. and Exper. Neurol., 3, 139.Google Scholar
253 Quastel, J. H., and Wheatley, A. H. M. (1932), Proc. Roy. Soc., 112, 60.Google Scholar
254(1947), Cushny's, Pharmacology and Therapeutics. London.Google Scholar
255 Finesigen, J. E., and Brazier, M. A. B. (1944), Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass., 70, 151.Google Scholar
256 Gellhorn, E., and Minatoya, H. (1943), J. Neurophysiol., 6, 161.Google Scholar
257 Guttmann, E., and Sargant, W. (1937), Brit. Med. J., 1, 1013.Google Scholar
258 Rossen, R., Kabat, H., and Anderson, J. P. (1943), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 50, 510.Google Scholar
259 Goldstein, K. (1943), J. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 97, 261.Google Scholar
260 Skottowe, I. (1939), Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 32, 843.Google Scholar
261 Hutton, E. L. (1943). J. Ment. Sci., 89, 395.Google Scholar
262 Hanfmann, E., and Kasanin, J. (1942), “Conceptual Thinking in Schizophrenia,” Nerv. and Ment. Disor. Monogr., No. 67. New York.Google Scholar
263 Whitehorn, J. C., and Zipf, G. K. (1943), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 49, 831.Google Scholar
264 Cameron, N. (1939), J. Ment. Sci., 85, 1012.Google Scholar
265 Lewis, A. (1946), Price's Textbook of the Practice of Medicine (Psychological Medicine), 7th ed. London.Google Scholar
266 Freeman, W., and Watts, J. W. (1944-45), Amer. J. Psychiat., 101, 739.Google Scholar
267 Bartlett, F. C. (1932), Remembering, A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. London.Google Scholar
268 Tennent, T. (1944), Savill's System of Clinical Medicine, 12th ed. London.Google Scholar
269 Mayer-Gross, W. (1938), Brit. Med. J., 2, 936.Google Scholar
270 Jung, C. G. (1939), J. Ment. Sci., 85, 999.Google Scholar
271 Henderson, D. K., and Gillespie, R. D. (1947), Textbook of Psychiatry, 6th ed. London.Google Scholar
272 Campbell, C. Macfie (1942-43), Amer. J. Psychiat., 99, 475.Google Scholar
273 Rosen, J. N. (1947), Psychiat. Quart., 21, 3.Google Scholar
274 Hoch, P. (1947), Psychiat. Quart., 21, 28.Google Scholar
275 Ernst, G. (1940), J. Ment. Sci., 86, 668.Google Scholar
276 Masserman, J. H., and Carmichael, H. T. (1938), J. Ment. Sci., 84, 893.Google Scholar
277 Lewis, A. (1935). Lancet, 1, 333.Google Scholar
278 Singer, H. D. (1938), J. Amer. Med. Ass., 110, 2048.Google Scholar
279 Mayer-Gross, W. (1930), Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat., 124, 647.Google Scholar
280 Kallmann, F. J. (1946), Amer. J. Psychiat., 103, 309.Google Scholar
281 Slater, E. T. O. (1947), Monatschr. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol., 113, 50.Google Scholar
282 Alexander, F. (1943), Psychosom. Med., 5, 206.Google Scholar
283 Critchley, M. (1947), Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 40, 552.Google Scholar
284 Wolff, H. G., and Curran, D. (1935), Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 33, 1175.Google Scholar
285 Goldstein, K. (1942), After-effects of Brain Injuries in War. London.Google Scholar
286 Byrne, J. G. (1933), Studies on the Physiology of the Eye. London.Google Scholar
287 Pincus, G., Hoagland, H., Freeman, H., Elmadjian, F., and Romanoff, L. P. (1949), Psychosom. Med., 11, 74.Google Scholar
288 Bremer, F. (1938), C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 127, 355.Google Scholar
289 Kristiansen, K., and Courtois, Guy (1949), EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., 1, 265.Google Scholar
290 Jasper, H. H., and Droogleever-Fortuyn, J. (1947). Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis., 26, 272.Google Scholar
291 Ashby, W. R. (1949), J. Ment. Sci., 95, 275.Google Scholar
292 Parsons, E. H., Gildea, E. F., Ronzoni, E., and Hulbert, S. Z. (1949). Amer. J. Psychiat., 105, 573.Google Scholar
293 Rees, Linford (1949), J. Ment. Sci., 95, 162.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.